Abad-Ibarra, C., Navarro-Abad, M., and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2008). El colibrí picolargo (Heliomaster constantii) en el Distrito Federal, México [The Plain-capped Starthroat (Heliomaster constantii) in the Federal District, Mexico]. Huitzil 9(1):4-5.
Keywords: PCST ✅

Abrahamczyk, S., and Kessler, M. (2010). Hummingbird diversity, food niche characters, and assemblage composition along a latitudinal precipitation gradient in the Bolivian lowlands. Journal of Ornithology 151(3):615-625.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Abrahamczyk, S., and Renner, S. S. (2015). The temporal build-up of hummingbird/plant mutualisms in North America and temperate South America. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15(1):104.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Adam, M. D., and des Lauriers, J. R. (1998). Observations of hummingbirds ingesting mineral-rich compounds [Observaciones sobre zumbadores ingiriendo compuestos altos et minerales]. Journal of Field Ornithology 69(2):257-261. Keywords: RUHU; ANHU; ALHU; BCHU; BTHH; BTAH; COHU ✅
Adams, D. K., and Comrie, A. C. (1997). The North American monsoon. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society:2197-2213.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Adams, H. G. (1862). Humming birds, described and illustrated: With an introductory sketch of their structure, plumage, haunts, habits, etc. . Groombridge and Sons, London.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Aftreith, M. (1965). Ruby-throated Hummingbird attracted by cooking jam. Loon 37:52.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Agapow, P.-M., Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Crandall, K. A., Gittleman, J. L., Mace, G. M., Marshall, J. C., and Purvis, A. (2004). The impact of species concept on biodiversity studies. Quarterly Review of Biology 79(2):161-179.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Aid, C. S., Carter, M. F., and Peterson, A. T. (1997). Protected areas of Western Mexico: Status, management, and needs. Brighton, CO: Colorado Bird Observatory.
Keywords: BEHU ✅

Aigner, P. A. (2004). Floral specialization without trade-offs: Optimal corolla flare in contrasting pollination environments. Ecology 85(9):2560-2569.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Aigner, P. A. (2005). Variation in pollination performance gradients in a Dudleya species complex: Can generalization promote floral divergence? Functional Ecology 19(4):681-689.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Aitchison, S. W. (1977). Some effects of a campground on breeding birds in Arizona. Proceedings of the Importance, preservation, and management of riparian habitat: A symposium, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: BTAH ✅

Aizen, M. A. (2003). Down-facing flowers, hummingbirds and rain. Taxon 52(4):675-680.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Alden, P. (1969). Finding the birds in western Mexico: a guide to the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Nayarit. University of Arizona Press.
Keywords: COHU

Aldrich, E. C. (1939). Natural history of the Allen hummingbird (Selasphorus alleni). M.S. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: ALHU ❌

Aldrich, E. C. (1945). Nesting of the Allen hummingbird. Condor 47(4):137-148.
Keywords: ALHU; ANHU ✅


Aldrich, E. C. (1956). Pterlyography and molt of the Allen Hummingbird. Condor 58(2):121-133.
Keywords: ALHU ✅


Aldridge, G., Inouye, D. W., Forrest, J. R., Barr, W. A., and Miller‐Rushing, A. J. (2011). Emergence of a mid-season period of low floral resources in a montane meadow ecosystem associated with climate change. Journal of Ecology 99(4):905-913.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Allen, A. A. (1930). Rubythroat. Bird-Lore 32:223-231. Keywords: RTHU ❌
Allen, C. A. (1878). An albino Anna Humming-bird. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 3(4):192-193.
Keywords: ANHU ✅

Allen, J. A. (1880). On recent additions to the ornithological fauna of North America. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 5(2):85-92.
Keywords: LUHU; BBIH ✅

Allen, J. A. (1893). List of mammals and birds collected in northeastern Sonora and northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, on the Lumholtz Archaeological Expedition, 1890-92. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5(3).
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; ALHU ✅

Allen, J. A. (1907). The types of the North American genera of birds. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 23(16):279-384.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae ✅

Allen, J. A. (1908). A list of the genera and subgenera of North American birds, with their types, according to Article 30 of the International code of zoölogical nomenclature. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24(1):1-50.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae ✅

Allen, W. E. (1932). Note on food of California Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus). Bird-Lore 34:264-265. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Allen, W. I. (1942). Early nesting of the Anna Hummingbird in Altadena, California. Condor 44(3):129.
Keywords: ANHU ✅

Alonso-Castro, A. J. (2014). Use of medicinal fauna in Mexican traditional medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 152(1):53-70.
Keywords: BEHU; WEHU; BTHH ✅

Altmann, S. A. (1956). Avian mobbing behavior and predator recognition. Condor 58(4):241-253.
Keywords: ANHU; ALHU; CAHU; COHU ✅


Altshuler, D. L. (2005). Flight performance and competitive displacement of hummingbirds across elevational gradients. American Naturalist 167(2):216-229.
Keywords: BTAH; RUHU ✅


Altshuler, D. L., Chai, P., and Chen, J. S. P. (2001). Hovering performance of hummingbirds in hyperoxic gas mixtures. Journal of Experimental Biology 204(11):2021-2027.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Altshuler, D. L., and Clark, C. J. (2003). Darwin’s hummingbirds. Science 300(5619):588-589.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Altshuler, D. L., and Dudley, R. (2002). The ecological and evolutionary interface of hummingbird flight physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 205(16):2325-2336.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Altshuler, D. L., and Dudley, R. (2003). Kinematics of hovering hummingbird flight along simulated and natural elevational gradients. Journal of Experimental Biology 206(18):3139-3147.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Altshuler, D. L., Dudley, R., and Ellington, C. P. (2004). Aerodynamic forces of revolving hummingbird wings and wing models. Journal of Zoology 264(4):327-332.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Altshuler, D. L., Dudley, R., and McGuire, J. A. (2004). Resolution of a paradox: Hummingbird flight at high elevation does not come without a cost. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(51):17731-17736.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RIHU; BBIH ✅

Altshuler, D. L., Kirwan, G. M., and Boesman, P. (2017). Allen’s Hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: ALHU

Altshuler, D. L., and Nunn, A. M. (2001). Observational learning in hummingbirds. Auk 118(3):795-799.
Keywords: RTHU; BTAH; RUHU; Trochilidae ✅


Altshuler, D. L., Princevac, M., Pan, H., and Lozano, J. (2009). Wake patterns of the wings and tail of hovering hummingbirds. Experiments in Fluids 46(5):835-846.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Altshuler, D. L., Stiles, F. G., and Dudley, R. (2004). Of hummingbirds and helicopters: Hovering costs, competitive ability, and foraging strategies. American Naturalist 163(1):16-25.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Altshuler, D. L., Welch, K. C., Cho, B. H., Welch, D. B., Lin, A. F., Dickson, W. B., and Dickinson, M. H. (2010). Neuromuscular control of wingbeat kinematics in Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Journal of Experimental Biology 213(14):2507-2514.
Keywords: ANHU ✅


American Ornithologists’ Union (1998). Check-list of North American birds, 7th ed. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae; Picidae ✅


Ammon, E. (2015). Predictive modeling for four Clark County bird species. Las Vegas, NV: Clark County Government Center, Desert Conservation Program. Final Report CBE 2011-GBBO-901A.
Keywords: COHU ✅

Amos, E. J. R. (1991). A guide to the birds of Bermuda. Corncrake, Warwick, Bermuda.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Anderson, A. H. (1934). The Arizona state list since 1914. Condor 36(2):78-83.
Keywords: Reference ✅


Anderson, A. H., and Anderson, A. (1946). Notes on the use of the creosote bush by birds. Condor 48(4):179.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Anderson, J. O., and Monson, G. (1981). Berylline Hummingbirds nest in Arizona. Continental Birdlife 2:56-61. Keywords: BEHU ❌
Andersson, M. B. (1994). Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Andrew, J. L., Powers, D. R., and Wethington, S. M. (2013). Use of torpor in a high-and mid-elevation hummingbird species in southeastern Arizona. Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, San Francisco, CA.
Keywords: BBIH; BTAH ✅


Andrews, R., and Righter, R. (1992). Colorado birds: A reference to their distribution and habitat. Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.
Keywords: RIHU; BCHU ❓

Andrle, R. F., and Carroll, J. R. (1988). The atlas of breeding birds in New York State. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: RTHU ❓

Anduri, M. E. (2007). Context and function of song in Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna) and Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae). M.S. project, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA. Keywords: ANHU; COHU ❌
Anonymous (1835). Review: Audubon’s Biography of Birds. North American Review 41(88):194-231.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Anonymous (1857). The Canadian humming bird. Canadian journal of industry, science and art 2:382-383.
Keywords: RTHU

Antevs, A. (1948). Behavior of the Gila Woodpecker, Ruby-crowned Kinglet, and Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Condor 50(2):91-92.
Keywords: BTAH ✅

Anthony, A. W. (1892). Birds of southwestern New Mexico. Auk 9(4):357-369.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH; RUHU; CAHU ✅


Antrim, A. F., Diaz, J., Dowdell, S. C., Fransisco, M., and Hull, E. H. (2013). Mite Proctolaelaps kirmsei negatively affect Hamelia patens and its hummingbird pollinators?. Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College. Participants of the Dartmouth biology FSP 2013.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Arbib, R. S., Jr., and Loetscher, F. W., Jr. (1935). Some notes from the Panama Canal Zone: Summer 1934. Auk 52(3):325-328.
✅


Arizmendi, M. d. C. (1994). Interacciones ecológicas multiples: el caso del sistema mutualista colibries-plantas y el ladron de nectar Diglossa baritula (Passeriformes: Aves). Ph.D dissertation, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México, DF. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Arizmendi, M. d. C. (2001). Multiple ecological interactions: Nectar robbers and hummingbirds in a highland forest in Mexico. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79(6):997-1006.
Keywords: VCHU; LUHU; BTAH; BBIH; CAHU; ALHU; RUHU; BEHU; WEHU


Arizmendi, M. d. C., and Berlanga, H. (2014). Colibríes de México y Norteamérica. Conabio, México.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Arizmendi, M. d. C., Berlanga, H., Márquez-Valdelamar, L., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2002). Avifauna de la región de Chamela, Jalisco, pp. 297-329 in Noguera, F. A. (editor) Historia Natural de Chamela. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF.
Keywords: BCHU

Arizmendi, M. d. C., Berlanga, H., Rodríguez-Flores, C., Vargas-Canales, V., Montes-Leyva, L., and Lira, R. (2016). Hummingbird conservation in Mexico: The natural protected areas system. Natural Areas Journal 36(4):366-376.
Keywords: ANHU

Arizmendi, M. d. C., Constanza, M.-S., Lourdes, J., Ivonne, F.-M., and Edgar, L.-S. (2007). Effect of the presence of nectar feeders on the breeding success of Salvia mexicana and Salvia fulgens in a suburban park near Mexico City. Biological Conservation 136(1):155-158.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Arizmendi, M. d. C., Dávila, P., Estrada, A., Figueroa, E., Márquez-Valdelamar, L., Lira, R., Oliveros-Galindo, O., and Valiente-Banuet, A. (2008). Riparian mesquite bushes are important for bird conservation in tropical arid Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 72(7):1146-1163.
Keywords: LUHU

Arizmendi, M. d. C., Dominguez, C. A., and Dirzo, R. (1996). The role of an avian nectar robber and of hummingbird pollinators in the reproduction of two plant species. Functional Ecology 10(1):119-127.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Arizmendi, M. d. C., Espinosa De Los Monteros, A., Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., Morales, A., Acosta, I., Moreno, J., and Perez, L. (1994). Plantas polinizadas por Colibríes en el Pedregal de San Angel, pp. 293-300 in Rojo, A. (editor) Reserva ecológica El Pedregal de San Ángel: ecología, historia natural y manejo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Keywords: VCHU

Arizmendi, M. d. C., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (1990). Hummingbirds and their floral resources in a tropical dry forest in Mexico. Biotropica 22(2):172-180.
Keywords: LUHU; PCST; BBIH; BCHU; RTHU

Arizmendi, M. d. C., and Rodríguez-Flores, C. I. (2012). How many plant species do hummingbirds visit? Ornitología Neotropical 23(Supplement):49-54.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Arizmendi, M. d. C., Rodríguez-Flores, C. I., Soberanes-González, C. A., and Schulenberg, T. S. (2014). Plain-capped Starthroat (Heliomaster constantii), in Schulenberg, T. S. (editor) Neotropical Birds Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: PCST


Arizmendi, M. d. C., Rodríguez-Flores, C. I., Soberanes-González, C. A., and Schulenberg, T. S. (2015). White-eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis), in Schulenberg, T. S. (editor) Neotropical Birds Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: WEHU


Arizona Game and Fish Department (2002). Berylline Hummingbird . Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game and Fish Department.
Keywords: BEHU ✅

Arizona Game and Fish Department (2002). Violet-crowned Hummingbird. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game and Fish Department.
Keywords: VCHU ✅

Armitage, K. (1955). Territorial behavior in fall migrant Rufous Hummingbirds. Condor 57(4):239-240.
Keywords: RUHU ✅

Armstrong, D. P. (1987). Economics of breeding territoriality in male Calliope Hummingbirds. Auk 104:242-253.
Keywords: CAHU ✅

Armstrong, D. P. (1988). Persistent attempts by a male Calliope Hummingbird, Stellula calliope, to copulate with newly fledged conspecifics. Canadian Field-Naturalist 102(2):259-260.
Keywords: CAHU; ANHU ✅

Arriaga, L., Rodriguez-Estrella, R., and Ortega-Rubio, A. (1990). Endemic hummingbirds and madrones of Baja: Are they mutually dependent? Southwestern Naturalist 35(1):76-79.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Arterburn, J. W. (2004). Oklahoma bird records committee: 2003 report. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society 37(4):25-29.
Keywords: BBIH; CAHU; BTAH ✅

Aschoff, J., and Pohl, H. (1970). Der ruheumsatz von vögeln als funktion der tageszeit und der körpergrösse. Journal of Ornithology 111(1):38-47.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Aslan, C. E. (2015). Pollination of the endangered Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus arizonicus). American Midland Naturalist 173(1):61-72.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU; BBIH ✅

Atwood, J. L. (1979). Robbery of nesting materials by the Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope. Western Birds 10(1):43-44.
Keywords: CAHU ✅

Atwood, J. L. (1994). A century of avifaunal change in western North America: Endangered small landbirds of the western United States. Studies in Avian Biology 15:328-339.
Keywords: LUHU; BBIH; WEHU; VCHU; COHU; BCHU; ANHU; RUHU; ALHU ✅

Atwood, J. L., Fitz, V. L., and Bamesberger, J. E. (1991). Temporal patterns of singing activity at leks of the White-bellied Emerald. Wilson Bulletin 103(3):373-386.
Keywords: Trochilidae; WEHU; BTAH; ANHU ✅

Audebert, J. B., and Vieillot, L. P. (1802). Histoire naturelle et générale des colibris, oiseaux-mouches, jacamars et promerops. Chez Desray, Paris.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Audubon, J. J. (1831). Ornithological biography, or an account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The Birds of America, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners, vol. 1. Adam Black, Edinburgh.
Keywords: Reference; RTHU



Audubon, J. J. (1838). Ornithological biography, or an account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The Birds of America, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners, vol. 4. Adam Black, Edinburgh.
Keywords: Reference; RUHU



Audubon, J. J. (1839). Ornithological biography, or an account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America; accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled The Birds of America, and interspersed with delineations of American scenery and manners, vol. 5. Adam Black, Edinburgh.
Keywords: Reference; ANHU



Audubon, J. J. (1839). A synopsis of the birds of North America. H. & C. Black, Edinburgh, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Aune, K., and Williams, E. (2011). Spectacular migrations in the western U.S.. Albuquerque, NM: The Rewilding Institute.
Keywords: CAHU ✅

Austin, D. D., and Perry, M. L. (1979). Birds in six communities within a lodgepole pine forest. Journal of Forestry 77(9):584-586. Keywords: Trochilidae
Austin, D. F. (1975). Bird flowers in the eastern United States. Florida Scientist 38(1):1-12.
Keywords: RTHU

Austin, D. F., Felger, R. S., and Van Devender, T. R. (2005). Nomenclature of Ipomoea arborescens (Convolvulaceae) in Sonora, Mexico. SIDA, Contributions to Botany 21(3):1283-1292.
Keywords: BEHU; BBIH; COHU; ANHU; PCST; WEHU ✅

Austin, G. T. (1968). The occurrence of certain nonpasserine birds in southern Nevada. Condor 70(4):391.
Keywords: CAHU ✅

Austin, G. T. (1970). Breeding birds of desert riparian habitat in southern Nevada. Condor 72(4):431-436.
Keywords: COHU ✅


Austin, G. T. (1970). Interspecific territoriality of migrant Calliope and resident Broad-tailed hummingbirds. Condor 72(2):234.
Keywords: COHU; BTAH ✅


Austin, G. T., and Bradley, W. G. (1971). The avifauna of Clark County, Nevada. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 6(4):283-303.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Austin, G. T., and Smith, E. L. (1972). Winter foraging ecology of mixed insectivorous bird flocks in oak woodland in southern Arizona. Condor 74(1):17-24.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Avery, M. L., and van Riper, C. (1993). Post-breeding territoriality and foraging behavior in Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae). Southwestern Naturalist 38(4):374-377.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU; BCHU

Azpeitia, F., and Lara, C. (2006). Reproductive biology and pollination of the parasitic plant Psittacanthus calyculatus (Loranthaceae) in central Mexico. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133(3):429-438.
Keywords: RIHU; LUHU


Bachi, A. (2008). Applying community ecology to manipulate and conserve hummingbird diversity in urban habitats. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Backstrom, P. (1992). Observations on a November 1992 Meeker County Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Loon 64:183-188.
Keywords: RTHU; Trochilidae

Bacon, I. E., Hurly, T. A., and Healy, S. D. (2010). Both the past and the present affect risk-sensitive decisions of foraging Rufous Hummingbirds. Behavioral Ecology 21(3):626-632.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU ❎


Baepler, D. H. (1962). The avifauna of the Soloma region in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Condor 64(2):140-153.
Keywords: Trochilidae; WEHU; RIHU ✅


Bagg, A. M., Gunn, W. W. H., Miller, D. S., Nichols, J. T., Smith, W., and Wolfarth, F. P. (1950). Barometric pressure-patterns and spring bird migration. Wilson Bulletin 62(1):5-19.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Bahre, C. J., and Bradbury, D. E. (1978). Vegetation change along the Arizona-Sonora boundary. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 68(2):145-165.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bahre, C. J., and Minnich, R. A. (2001). Madrean oak woodlands along the Arizona/Sonora boundary. Desert Plants 17(1):3-14.
Keywords: Biota ✅

Bahre, C. J., and Shelton, M. L. (1993). Historic vegetation change, mesquite increases and climate in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Biogeography 20(5):489-504.
Keywords: Biota ✅

Baicich, P. J., and Harrison, C. J. O. (1997). A guide to the nests, eggs, and nestlings of North American birds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Keywords: VCHU

Bailey, A. M. (1927). Notes on the birds of southeastern Alaska. Auk 44(3):351-367.
Keywords: RUHU; CAHU; ALHU ✅


Bailey, A. M. (1974). Second nesting of Broad-tailed Hummingbirds. Condor 76(3):350.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Bailey, A. M., and Niedrach, R. J. (1965). Birds of Colorado. Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bailey, F. M. (1904). Additional notes on the birds of the upper Pecos. Auk 21(3):349-363.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Bailey, F. M. (1904). Additions to Mitchell’s list of the summer birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico. Auk 21(4):443-449.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Bailey, F. M. (1915). Handbook of birds of the western United States: Including the Great Plains, Great Basin, Pacific Slope, and Lower Rio Grande Valley, 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Keywords: LUHU; WEHU



Bailey, F. M. (1923). Birds recorded from the Santa Rita Mountains in southern Arizona. Pacific Coast Avifauna 15:1-60.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Bailey, F. M. (1928). Birds of New Mexico. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bailey, H. B. (1881). Forest and Stream bird notes. An index and summary of all the ornithological matter contained in Forest and Stream volumes 1-12. Forest and Stream Publishing, New York.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Bailey, I. E., and Nicolson, S. W. (2016). Do sunbirds use taste to decide how much to drink? Journal of Animal Ecology 85(2):497-506.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Bailey, R. G. (1980). Description of the ecoregions of the United States. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1391.
Keywords: Trochilidae; Reference


Baird, S. F. (1855-1860). Birds. Collected excerpts from v. 10 of Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU; BCHU; RUHU



Baird, S. F. (1858). Vol. 9. Part 2. General report upon the zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes: Birds, vol. IX. Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Baird, S. F. (1859). Birds of the boundary, pp. 92-149 in Emory, W. H. (editor) Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey: Made under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. vol. 2, part 2. Zoology of the Boundary. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: RTHU; BCHU; RUHU; BTAH ✅



Baird, S. F. (1861). Report upon the Colorado River of the West, explored in 1857 and 1858 by Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives, Corps of Topographical Engineers, under the direction of the Office of Explorations and Surveys. Part V. Zoology. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Baird, S. F. (1874). Review of American birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, vol. 1. Smithsonian institution, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Baird, S. F., Brewer, T. M., and Ridgway, R. (1874). A history of North American birds. Little, Brown, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Baird, S. F., Cassin, J., and Lawrence, G. N. (1858). Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Vol. 9. Washington, DC: United States War Department.
Keywords: Trochilidae; COHU



Baker, H. G. (1975). Sugar concentrations in nectars from hummingbird flowers. Biotropica 7(1):37-41.
Keywords: ANHU

Baker, H. G. (1977). Non-sugar chemical constituents of nectar. Apidologie 8(4):349-356.
Keywords: LUHU; RIHU

Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1973). Amino-acids in nectar and their evolutionary significance. Nature 241(5391):543-545.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1975). Studies of nectar-constitution and pollinator-plant coevolution, pp. 100-140 in Gilbert, L. E., and Raven, P. H. (editors). Coevolution of animals and plants. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1979). Sugar ratios in nectars. Phytochemical Bulletin 12:43-45. Keywords: Trochilidae
Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1982). Chemical constituents of nectar in relation to pollination mechanisms and phylogeny, pp. 131-171 in Nitecki, M. H. (editor) Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: BCHU

Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1983). Floral nectar sugar constituents in relation to pollinator types, pp. 117-141 in Jones, C. E., and Little, R. J. (editors). Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Baker, H. G., Baker, I., and Hodges, S. A. (1998). Sugar composition of nectars and fruits consumed by birds and bats in the tropics and subtropics. Biotropica 30(4):559-586.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Baker, H. G., Opler, P. A., and Baker, I. (1978). A comparison of the amino acid complements of floral and extrafloral nectars. Botanical Gazette 139(3):322-332.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Baker, I., and Baker, H. G. (1976). Analysis of amino acids in nectar. Phytochemical Bulletin 9:4-7. Keywords: Trochilidae
Baker, W. K., and Blake, E. R. (1962). Additional evidence of Rivoli’s Hummingbird in Colorado. Auk 79(3):481-482.
Keywords: RIHU ✅

Bakken, B. H., McWhorter, T. J., Tsahar, E., and del Rio, C. M. (2004). Hummingbirds arrest their kidneys at night: Diel variation in glomerular filtration rate in Selasphorus platycercus. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(25):4383-4391.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Bakken, B. H., and Sabat, P. (2008). The mechanisms and ecology of water balance in hummingbirds. Ornitología Neotropical 19(Supplement):501-509.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Bakus, G. J. (1962). Early nesting of the Costa Hummingbird in southern California. Condor 64(5):438-439.
Keywords: COHU ❎


Balda, R. P. (1967). Ecological relationships of the breeding-birds of the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Balda, R. P. (1969). Foliage use by birds of the oak-juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest in southeastern Arizona. Condor 71(4):399-412.
Keywords: BTAH; BCHU ✅


Balda, R. P. (1970). Effects of spring leaf-fall on composition and density of breeding birds in two southern Arizona woodlands. Condor 72(3):325-331.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH; RIHU; BTHH ✅


Balda, R. P., and Masters, N. (1980). Avian communities in the pinyon-juniper woodland: A descriptive analysis, pp. 146-169 in DeGraff, R. M., and Tilgham, N. G. (editors). Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds. General Technical Report INT-86. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; BTAH ✅


Baldridge, F. A. (1983). Plumage characteristics of juvenile Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Condor 85(1):102-103.
Keywords: BCHU ✅


Baldridge, F. A., Kiff, L. F., Baldridge, S. K., and Hansen, R. B. (1983). Hybridization of a Blue-throated Hummingbird in California. Western Birds 14(1):17-30.
Keywords: BCHU; ANHU; BTHH ✅

Baltosser, W. H. (1978). Ecological relationships among nesting hummingbirds in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. M.A. thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Baltosser, W. H. (1980). A biological inventory of endangered species occurring in Guadalupe Canyon, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. Final report, contract 519-68-06.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Baltosser, W. H. (1983). Nesting ecology of sympatric hummingbirds in Guadalupe Canyon. Ph.D. dissertation, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Baltosser, W. H. (1986). Nesting success and productivity of hummingbirds in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 98(3):353-367.
Keywords: VCHU; COHU; BCHU; BBIH; RIHU ✅

Baltosser, W. H. (1986). Seasonal analysis of a southwestern New Mexico riparian bird community. Western Birds 17(3):115-132.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH ✅

Baltosser, W. H. (1987). Age, species, and sex determination of four North American hummingbirds. North American Bird Bander 12(4):151-166.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU; RTHU; BCHU ✅

Baltosser, W. H. (1989). Costa’s Hummingbird: Its distribution and status. Western Birds 20(2):41-62.
Keywords: COHU; BCHU ✅

Baltosser, W. H. (1989). Nectar availability and habitat selection by hummingbirds in Guadalupe Canyon. Wilson Bulletin 101(4):559-578.
Keywords: VCHU; COHU; LUHU; BCHU; BBIH; BTAH; RUHU ✅

Baltosser, W. H. (1994). Age and sex determination in the Calliope Hummingbird. Western Birds 25(2):104-109.
Keywords: CAHU; BCHU ✅

Baltosser, W. H. (1995). Annual molt in Ruby-throated and Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Condor 97(2):484-491.
Keywords: BCHU; RTHU ✅


Baltosser, W. H. (1996). Nest attentiveness in hummingbirds. Wilson Bulletin 108(2):228-245.
Keywords: VCHU; COHU; LUHU; BCHU; BBIH; RIHU ✅

Baltosser, W. H., and Russell, S. M. (2000). Black-chinned Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 495. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: BCHU
Baltosser, W. H., and Russell, S. M. (2000). Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: BCHU


Baltosser, W. H., and Scott, P. E. (1996). Costa’s Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 251. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: COHU
Baltosser, W. H., and Scott, P. E. (1996). Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: COHU


Bancroft, G. (1930). The breeding birds of central Lower California. Condor 32(1):20-49.
Keywords: COHU ✅


Bangs, O., and Peters, J. L. (1928). A collection of birds from Oaxaca. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 68(8):385-404.
Keywords: PCST ✅′

Banks, R. C. (1963). Birds of Cerralvo Island, Baja California. Condor 65(4):300-312.
Keywords: COHU ✅


Banks, R. C. (1963). Birds of the Belvedere expedition to the Gulf of California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 13(3):49-60.
Keywords: COHU ✅

Banks, R. C. (1967). Birds and mammals of La Laguna, Baja California. San Diego Society of Natural History, San Diego, CA.
Keywords: COHU

Banks, R. C. (1990). Taxonomic status of the Coquette Hummingbird of Guerrero, Mexico. Auk 107(1):191-192.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Banks, R. C., and Calder, W. A., III (1989). Did Lewis and Clark discover the Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus)? Archives of Natural History 16(3):243-244.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Banks, R. C., Cicero, C., Dunn, J. L., Kratter, A. W., Rasmussen, P. C., Remsen, J. V., Jr., Rising, J. D., and Stotz, D. F. (2002). Forty-third supplement to the American Ornithologist’s Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 119(3):897-906.
Keywords: BBIH ✅


Banks, R. C., and Johnson, N. K. (1961). A review of North American hybrid hummingbirds. Condor 63(1):3-28.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU; ALHU; BCHU; BTAH; CAHU; RUHU ✅


Baptista, L. F. (1996). Nature and its nurturing in avian vocal development, pp. 39-60 in Kroodsma, D. E., and Miller, E. H. (editors). Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Baptista, L. F. (2001). The song and dance of hummingbirds. California Wild 54:14-20. Keywords: ANHU ❌
Baptista, L. F., and Matsui, M. (1979). The source of the dive-noise of the Anna’s Hummingbird. Condor 81(1):87-89.
Keywords: ANHU; COHU ✅


Baptista, L. F., and Schuchmann, K.-L. (1990). Song learning in the Anna hummingbird (Calypte anna). Ethology 84(1):15-26.
Keywords: ANHU


Barash, D. P. (1972). Lek behavior in the Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Wilson Bulletin 84(2):202-203.
Keywords: BTAH ✅

Barbour, T. (1923). The birds of Cuba. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Barbour, T. (1943). Cuban ornithology. Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Barlow, J. C., James, R. D., and Williams, N. (1970). Habitat co-occupancy among some vireos of the subgenus Vireo (Aves: Vireonidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 48(2):395-398.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Barnard, G. W., and Campbell, R. W. (2007). Reuse of Rufous Hummingbird nest by Anna’s Hummingbird in British Columbia. Wildlife Afield, Victoria 4(2):256-259.
Keywords: ANHU

Bartholomew, G. A., Howell, T. R., and Cade, T. J. (1957). Torpidity in the White-throated Swift, Anna Hummingbird, and Poor-will. Condor 59(3):145-155.
Keywords: ANHU ✅


Bartholomew, G. A., and Lighton, J. R. (1986). Oxygen consumption during hover-feeding in free-ranging Anna hummingbirds. Journal of Experimental Biology 123(1):191-199.
Keywords: RIHU; ANHU; COHU

Bartol, D. A., Jr. (1973). 1972 records of the Blue-throated Hummingbird in Colorado. Colorado Field Ornithologists 15:20-21.
Keywords: BTHH; ALHU; WEHU

Barton, B. S. (1804). Facts relative to the food of the humming-bird. Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal 1(1):88-89.
Keywords: RTHU

Bassett, F., and Cubie, D. (2009). Wintering hummingbirds in Alabama and Florida: species diversity, sex and age ratios, and site fidelity. Journal of Field Ornithology 80(2):154-162.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Batchelder, N., Batchelder, G., Livezey, D. A., and Marks, J. S. (2012). Simultaneous multiple nests of Calliope Hummingbird and Rufous Hummingbird. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124(3):640-643.
Keywords: LUHU

Bateson, M., Healy, S. D., and Hurly, T. A. (2002). Irrational choices in hummingbird foraging behavior. Animal Behaviour 63(3):587-596.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU


Bateson, M., Healy, S. D., and Hurly, T. A. (2003). Context–dependent foraging decisions in Rufous Hummingbirds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 270(1521):1271-1276.
Keywords: RUHU


Battey, C. J. (2015). Migration Increases niche breadth in North American hummingbirds. Electronic Journal of Applied Multivariate Statistics 7:1-10.
Keywords: ANHU; LUHU

Baumgartner, A. M. (1989). Composition of Ruby-throated Hummingbird populations in northeast Oklahoma. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society 22(1):3-5.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Baumgartner, D. M. (1975). Management of lodgepole pine ecosystems. Keywords: Trochilidae
Baumgartner, F. M. (1981). To hold a hummingbird. Bird Watcher’s Digest 3(3):18-21. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Baumgartner, F. M., and Baumgartner, A. M. (1992). Oklahoma bird life. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.
Keywords: BCHU

Beal, F. E. L., and McAtee, W. L. (1902). Food of some well-known birds of forest, farm, and garden. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Beal, M. (1933). The Black-chinned Hummingbird. Bird-Lore 35:96-97. Keywords: BCHU ❌
Beal, W. J. (1877). Fertilization of flowers by birds. American Naturalist 11(12):754.
Keywords: RTHU

Beardsley, P. M., Yen, A., and Olmstead, R. G. (2003). AFLP phylogeny of Mimulus section Erythranthe and the evolution of hummingbird pollination. Evolution 57(6):1397-1410.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Beebe, W. (1950). Home life of the Bat Falcon, Falco albigularis albigularis Daudin. Zoologica 35(4):69-86.
Keywords: RIHU

Behle, W. H. (1976). Mohave Desert avifauna in the Virgin River valley of Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. Condor 78(1):40-48.
Keywords: COHU; RIHU ✅


Behle, W. H., and Perry, M. L. (1975). Utah birds: Check-list, seasonal and ecological occurrence charts and guides to bird finding. Paragon Press, Salt Lake City, UT.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Behle, W. H., Sorensen, E. D., and White, C. M. (1985). Utah birds: A revised checklist. Utah Museum of Natural History, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
Keywords: RIHU


Belding, L. (1883). Catalogue of a collection of birds made near the southern extremity of the peninsula of Lower California. Proceedings of the US National Museum 5(315):532-550.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Belding, L. (1883). List of birds found at Guaymas, Sonora, in December, 1882, and April, 1883. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 6(21):343-344.
Keywords: COHU; BBIH ✅

Bendire, C. E. (1888). Notes on a collection of birds’ nests and eggs from southern Arizona territory. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 10:551-558.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Bendire, C. E. (1892). Life histories of North American birds: With special reference to their breeding habits and eggs, with 12 lithographic plates, vol. 28. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Bendire, C. E. (1895). Life histories of North American birds: From the parrots to the grackles, with special reference to their breeding habits and eggs. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Bené, F. (1940). Rhythm in the brooding and feeding routine of the Black-chinned Hummingbird. Condor 42(4):207-212.
Keywords: BCHU ✅

Bené, F. (1941). Experiments on the color preference of Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Condor 43(5):237-242.
Keywords: BCHU; RTHU ✅


Bené, F. (1942). Costa Hummingbird at Papago Park, Arizona. Condor 44(6):282-283.
Keywords: COHU; BCHU ✅

Bené, F. (1945). The role of learning in the feeding behavior of Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Condor 47(1):3-22.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Bené, F. (1946). The feeding and related behavior of hummingbirds: With special reference to the black-chin, Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant). Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 9(3). Keywords: BCHU ✅
Bené, F. (1946). The role of learning in the feeding behavior of Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Condor 47(1):3-22.
Keywords: BCHU ✅


Bennett, P. S., Johnson, R. R., and Kunzmann, M. R. (1996). An annotated list of the vascular plants of the Chiricahua Mountains, including Pedregosa Mountains, Swisshelm Mountains, Chiricahua National Monument, and Fort Bowie Natioanl Historic Site. United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Special Report No. 12, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Biota ✅


Benson, K. L. P., and Arnold, K. A. (2001). Texas Breeding Bird Atlas. Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae
Bent, A. C. (1940). Life histories of North American cuckoos, goatsuckers, hummingbirds and their allies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum no. 176. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Beolens, B., Watkins, M., and Grayson, M. (2014). The eponym dictionary of birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, New York, NY.
Keywords: BEHU

Berger, J., Stacey, P. B., Bellis, L., and Johnson, M. P. (2001). A mammalian predator–prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecological Applications 11(4):947-960.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Berger, M. (1974). Oxygen consumption and power of hovering hummingbirds at varying barometric and oxygen pressures. Naturwissenschaften 61(9):407.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Berlanga García, H., Kennedy, J. A., Rich, T. D., Arizmendi, M. d. C., Beardmore, C. J., Blancher, P. J., Butcher, G. S., Couturier, A. R., Dayer, A. A., Demarest, D. W., Easton, W. E., Gustafson, M., Iñigo-Elias, E., Krebs, E. A., Panjabi, A. O., Rodriguez-Contreras, V., Rosenberg, K. V., Ruth, J. M., Santana Castellón, E., Vidal, R. M., and Will, T. (2010). Saving our shared birds: Partners in Flight tri-national vision for landbird conservation. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Berlioz, J. (1930). A new hummingbird hybrid, Calypte anna × Stellula calliope. Condor 32(4):215.
Keywords: ANHU; CAHU ✅

Berlioz, J. (1932). Notes critiques sur quelques Trochilidés du British Museum. L’Oiseau et la Revue francaise d’ornithologie 2:530-534.
Keywords: VCHU

Berlioz, J. (1937). Note sur une collection des oiseaux du Mexique. Bulletin Museum D’Histoire Naturelle 9(3):170-175.
Keywords: BBIH

Berlioz, J. (1937). Three new cases of presumed natural hybrids among Trochilidæ. Ibis 79(1):105-109.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Berlioz, J. (1965). Note critique sur les Trochilidés des genres Timolia et Augasma. L’Oiseau et la Revue francaise d’ornithologie 35:1-8. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Bernaskie, J. M., Cartar, R. V., and Hurly, T. A. (2002). Risk-averse inflorescences departure in hummingbirds and bumble bees: Could plants benefit from variable nectar volumes? Oikos 98(1):98-104.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU


Berns, C. M. (2013). Understanding biodiversity: The importance of sexual dimorphism in the micro-and macroevolution of hummingbirds. Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Berns, C. M., and Adams, D. C. (2010). Bill shape and sexual shape dimorphism between two species of temperate hummingbirds: Black-Chinned hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri) and Ruby-Throated hummingbird (A. colubris). Auk 127(3):626-635.
Keywords: BCHU; RTHU; Trochilidae


Berns, C. M., and Adams, D. C. (2013). Becoming different but staying alike: Patterns of sexual size and shape dimorphism in bills of hummingbirds. Evolutionary Biology 40(2):246-260.
Keywords: VCHU; ANHU; LUHU


Berry, M. E., and Bock, C. E. (1998). Effects of habitat and landscape characteristics on avian breeding distributions in Colorado foothills shrub. Southwestern Naturalist 43(4):453-461. Keywords: Trochilidae
Berthold, P. (2001). Bird migration: A general survey. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Berthold, P., Gwinner, E., and Sonnenschein, E. (2003). Avian Migration. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Bertin, R. I. (1982). Floral biology, hummingbird pollination and fruit production of trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans, Bignoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 69(1):122-134. Keywords: Trochilidae
Bertin, R. I. (1982). The Ruby-throated Hummingbird and its major food plants: Ranges, flowering phenology, and migration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60(2):210-219.
Keywords: RTHU


Best, L. B., and Stauffer, D. F. (1980). Factors affecting nesting success in riparian bird communities. Condor 82(2):149-158.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Beuchat, C. A., Calder, W. A., III, and Braun, E. J. (1990). The integration of osmoregulation and energy balance in hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 63(6):1059-1081.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU

Beuchat, C. A., Chaplin, S. B., and Morton, M. L. (1979). Ambient temperature and the daily energetics of two species of hummingbirds, Calypte anna and Selasphorus rufus. Physiological Zoology 52(3):280-295.
Keywords: ANHU; RUHU

Beuchat, C. A., and Chong, C. R. (1998). Hyperglycemia in hummingbirds and its consequences for hemoglobin glycation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 120(3):409-416.
Keywords: ANHU; RTHU; COHU

Beuchat, C. A., Preest, M. R., and Braun, E. J. (1999). Glomerular and medullary architecture in the kidney of Anna’s hummingbird. Journal of Morphology 240(2):95-100.
Keywords: ANHU

Bicudo, J. E. P. W. (1996). Physiological correlates of daily torpor in hummingbirds, pp. 293-311 in Johnston, I. A., and Bennett, A. F. (editors). Animals and temperature: Phenotypic and evolutionary adaptation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Binford, L. C. (1968). A preliminary survey of the avifauna of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. (Volumes 1 and 2).. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
Keywords: LUHU


Binford, L. C. (1985). Re-evaluation of the hybrid hummingbird Cynanthus sordidus × C. latirostris from Mexico. Condor 87(1):148-150.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Binford, L. C. (1989). A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Ornithological Monographs 43:1-418.
Keywords: VCHU; PCST; LUHU; BBIH; WEHU; BEHU; BTHH; RIHU; RTHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU ✅

Biswas, E., Dollison, C., French, J., and Roos, E. (2014). The effects of resource availability on territorial behavior of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). University of Michigan Biological Station. EEB 330: Biology of Birds.
Keywords: RTHU


Blackman, S., Frary, V., and Ingraldi, M. (2010). Legacy bird species at risk monitoring in and around Camp Navajo and the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station, AZ. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Fish and Game Department. Project Number (07-344)
Keywords: Trochilidae


Blair, W. F., Blair, A. P., Brodkorb, P., Cagle, F. R., and Moore, G. A. (1957). Vertebrates of the United States. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Blake, E. R. (1953). Birds of Mexico: A guide for field identification. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Blake, E. R., and Hanson, H. C. (1942). Notes on a collection of birds from Michoacan, Mexico, vol. 22, no. 9. Zoological Series, Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum Press, Chicago.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Blake, E. W., Jr. (1887). Summer birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. Auk 4(4):328-330.
Keywords: ALHU ✅

Blake, J. G. (1982). Influence of fire and logging on nonbreeding bird communities of ponderosa pine forests. The Journal of Wildlife Management 46(2):404-415.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Blake, J. G. (1982). Influence of fire and logging on nonbreeding bird communities of ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Wildlife Management 46(2):404-415.
Keywords: Biota

Blake, J. G. (1984). A seasonal analysis of bird communities in southern Nevada. Southwestern Naturalist 29(4):463-474.
Keywords: COHU

Blakesley, J. A., and Reese, K. P. (1988). Avian use of campground and noncampgound sites in riparian zones. The Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3):399-402.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bleiweiss, R. (1990). Spectral confusion by hummingbirds and the evolution of red coloration in their flowers: A new hypothesis (Müllerian mimicry/wavelength discrimination/shade/color name). Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Science 78:33-38.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Bleiweiss, R. (1997). Covariation of sexual dichromatism and plumage colours in lekking and non-lekking birds: A comparative analysis. Evolutionary Ecology 11(2):217-235.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bleiweiss, R. (1998). Origin of hummingbird faunas. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 65(1):77-97.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Bleiweiss, R., Kirsch, J. A. W., and Matheus, J. C. (1994). DNA-DNA hybridization evidence for subfamily structure among hummingbirds. Auk 111(1):8-19.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Bleiweiss, R., Kirsch, J. A. W., and Matheus, J. C. (1997). DNA hybridization evidence for the principal lineages of hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 14(3):325-343.
Keywords: ANHU ✅


Blem, C. R., Blem, L. B., and Cosgrove, C. C. (1997). Field studies of Rufous Hummingbird sucrose preference: Does source height affect test results? [Estudios de campo sobre las preferencias de sucrosa por parte de Selasphorus rufus: Afecta los resultados la altura de la fuente de alimentos?]. Journal of Field Ornithology 68(2):245-252. Keywords: Trochilidae
Blem, C. R., Blem, L. B., Felix, J., and Van Gelder, J. (2000). Rufous Hummingbird sucrose preference: Precision of selection varies with concentration. Condor 102(1):235-238.
Keywords: RUHU


Block, W. M., and Ganey, J. L. (1992). Habitat associations of Neotropical migrant birds in the insular mountains of southeastern Arizona. Flagstaff, AZ: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. RM-4251-3-12. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Block, W. M., Ganey, J. L., Severson, K. E., and Morrison, M. L. (1992). Use of oaks by neotropical migratory birds in the Southwest, pp. 65-70 in Ffolliott, P. F., Gottfried, G. J., Bennett, D. A., Hernandez C, V. M., Ortega-Rubio, A., and Hamre, R. H. (editors). Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: Perspectives in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-GTR-218, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Blüthgen, N., Menzel, F., and Blüthgen, N. (2006). Measuring specialization in species interaction networks. BMC Ecology 6(issue):9.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Bochkov, A. V., and Ivan, L. (2011). Mites of the genus Neharpyrhynchus Fain (Acariformes, Harpirhynchidae) from neotropical birds. ZooKeys 89:15.
Keywords: RIHU


Bock, C. E., and Block, W. M. (2005). Fire and birds in the southwestern United States. Studies in Avian Biology 30:1-19.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bock, C. E., and Bock, J. H. (1990). Effects of fire on wildlife in southwestern lowland habitats, pp. 50-64 in Krammes, J. S. (editor) Effects of fire management of southwestern natural resources. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, General Technical Report RM-GTR-191, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Bock, C. E., and Lynch, J. F. (1970). Breeding bird populations of burned and unburned conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada. Condor 72(2):182-189.
Keywords: RUHU; CAHU ✅


Bock, C. E., Saab, V. A., Rich, T. D., and Dobkin, D. S. (1992). Effects of livestock grazing on neotropical migratory landbirds in western North America. Proceedings of the Status and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds. USDA, 28 Sensitive Ecosystems Inventory: Lake Country.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bock, J. H., Bock, C. E., and McKnight, J. R. (1976). A study of the effects of grassland fires at the Research Ranch in southeastern Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 11(2):49-57.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Böhning-Gaese, K., González-Guzmán, L. I., and Brown, J. H. (1998). Constraints on dispersal and the evolution of the avifauna of the Northern Hemisphere. Evolutionary Ecology 12(7):767-783.
Keywords: VCHU

Boie, F. (1831). Bemerkungen über species und einige ornithologische familien. Isis von Oken 24:538-547.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bolles, F. (1891). Yellow-bellied Woodpeckers and their uninvited guests. Auk 8(3):256-270.
Keywords: RTHU ✅


Bolten, A. B., and Feinsinger, P. (1978). Why do hummingbird flowers secrete dilute nectar? Biotropica 10(4):307-309.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bolten, A. B., Feinsinger, P., Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1979). On the calculation of sugar concentration in flower nectar. Oecologia 41(3):301-304.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bonaparte, C. L. (1824). Observations on the nomenclature of Wilson’s Ornithology. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 4(1):25-66.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bonaparte, C. L. (1827). Catalogue of the birds of the United States, systematically arranged in orders, families, genera, and subgenera. Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts and Sciences 1(1):8-34.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bonaparte, C. L. (1827). Supplement to the genera of North American birds, and to the synopsis of the species found within the territory of the United States. Zoological Journal 3(9):49-53.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bonaparte, C. L. (1828). The genera of North American birds, and a synopsis of the species found within the territory of the United States. J. Seymour, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Bonaparte, C. L. (1850). Note sur plusieurs familles naturelles d’oiseaux, et descriptions d’especes nouvelles. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaire des Seances de l’Academie des Sciences, Paris 31:561-564.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bonaparte, C. L. (1854). Conspectus trochilorum. Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée (2nd série) 6(5):249-257.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Bond, J. (1945). Check-list of birds of the West Indies, 2nd ed. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
Keywords: ANHU


Bonhote, J. L. (1903). On a collection of birds from the northern islands of the Bahama group. Ibis 45(3):273-315.
❎


Borrero H, J. I. (1965). Notas sobre el comportamiento del Colibrí coli-rojo (Amazilia tzacatl) y el Mielero (Coereba flaveola), en Colombia [Notes on the behavior of Rufous-tailed Hhummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl) and Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola), in Colombia]. El Hornero 10(3):247-250.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Borrero H, J. I. (1975). Notas sobre el comportamiento reproductivo del colibrí Amazilia tzacatl [Notes on the breeding behaviour of Rieffer’s hummingbird Amazilia tzacatl]. Ardeola 21:933-943.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bosque, C., and Bosque, M. T. (1995). Nest predation as a selective factor in the evolution of developmental rates in altricial birds. American Naturalist 145(2):234-260.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Boucard, A. (1874). Notes sur quelques Trochilidés. Annales de la Société linnéenne de Lyon 20(1):269-283.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Boucard, A. (1878). Liste des oiseaux récoltés au Guatemala en 1877. Société Linnéenne de Lyon, Lyon.
Keywords: RIHU


Boucard, A. (1895). Genera of humming birds: Being also a complete monograph of these birds. Bournemouth, London, UK.
Keywords: LUHU



Bourcier, J. (1839). Description de quelques espèces nouvelles d’oiseaux-mouche. Revue Zoologique, par La Société Cuvierienne 2:294-295.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bourcier, J. (1847). Description de deux espèces nouvelles de Trochilidées [Description of two new species of Trochilidae]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 15:48.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Bourcier, J. (1847). Description de quinze espèces de Trochilidées du cabinet de M. Loddiges [Description of fifteen species of Trochilidae from the cabinet of Mr. Loddiges]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 15:42-47.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bourcier, J., and Mulsant, É. (1846). Description de vingt especes nouvelles d’oiseaux-mouches. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’Industrie 9:312-332.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bourcier, J., and Mulsant, É. (1848). Descriptions de quelques nouvelles espèces d’oiseaux-mouches. Revue Zoologique, par La Société Cuvierienne 11:269-275.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bourcier, J., and Mulsant, É. (1852). Description de quelques nouvelles espèces d’oiseaux-mouches. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles de Lyon 2(4):139-144.
Keywords: Trochilidae; PCST

Bower, A. D., St. Clair, J. B., and Erickson, V. (2014). Generalized provisional seed zones for native plants. Ecological Applications 24(5):913-919.
Keywords: Biota ❎


Bowers, J. E., and McLaughlin, S. P. (1996). Flora of the Huachuca Mountains, a botanically rich and historically significant sky island in Cochise County, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 29(2):66-107. Keywords: Trochilidae
Bowmaker, J. K. (1988). Avian colour vision and the environment. Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici:12184-12194. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Boyd, A. (2002). Morphological analysis of Sky Island populations of Macromeria viridiflora (Boraginaceae). Systematic Botany 27(1):116-126.
Keywords: RIHU

Boyden, T. C. (1978). Territorial defense against hummingbirds and insects by tropical hummingbirds. Condor 80(2):216-221.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Boykin, K. G., De Lorenzo, A., McKown, B., Deitner, R., and Thompson, B. C. (2000). Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project: The New Mexico Ecoregional Component. Cooperative Agreement 1434-HQ-97-RU-01572, Research Work Order No. 34. Moscow, Idaho: National Gap Analysis Program.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Boykin, K. G., Thompson, B. C., Deitner, R. A., Schrupp, D., Bradford, D., O’Brien, L., Drost, C., Propeck-Gray, S., Rieth, W., Thomas, K., Kepner, W., Lowry, J., Cross, C., Jones, B., Hamer, T., Mettenbrink, C., Oakes, K. J., Prior-Magee, J., Schulz, K., Wynne, J. J., King, C., Puttere, J., Schrader, S., and Schwenke, Z. (2007). Predicted animal habitat distributions and species richness.
Keywords: BEHU

Bradbury, J. W. (1981). The evolution of leks, pp. 138-169 in Alexander, R. D., and Tinkle, D. W. (editors). Natural selection and social behavior. Chiron Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bradbury, J. W., and Gibson, R. M. (1983). Leks and mate choice, pp. 109-138 in Bateson, P. (editor) Mate Choice. Cambridge University Press, Cambidge, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bradley, W. G., and Deacon, J. E. (1967). The biotic communities of southern Nevada. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers No. 13:202-295.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Brandt, H. (1951). Arizona and its bird life: A naturalist’s adventures with the nesting birds on the deserts, grasslands, foothills, and mountains of southeastern Arizona. Bird Research Foundation, Cleveland, OH.
Keywords: RIHU

Brazil, M. (2010). Field guide to the birds of East Asia: Eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and Eastern Russia. Christopher Helm, London, UK.
Keywords: RUHU

Breninger, G. F. (1901). A list of birds observed on the Pima Indian Reservation, Arizona. Condor 3(2):44-46.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Brewer, T. M. (1873). Description of some nests and eggs of Arizona birds. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 16:106-111.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brewster, W. (1881). Notes on some birds from Arizona and New Mexico: With a description of a supposed new Whip-poor-will. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 6(2):65-73.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brewster, W. (1882). On a collection of birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 7(2):65-86.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brewster, W. (1883). On a collection of birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona (concluded). Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 8(1):21-36.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brewster, W. (1885). Additional notes on some birds collected in Arizona and the adjoining province of Sonora, Mexico, by Mr. F. Stephens in 1884; with a description of a new species of Ortyx. Auk 2(2):196-200.
Keywords: BTHH; RIHU ✅


Brewster, W. (1885). Preliminary notes on some birds obtained in Arizona by Mr. F. Stephens in 1884. Auk 2(1):84-85.
Keywords: BTHH ✅

Brewster, W. (1887). Hummingbirds feeding their young on insects. Auk 4(3):255.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Brewster, W. (1893). Description of a new hummingbird from northern Mexico. Auk 10(3):214-215.
Keywords: VCHU; BBIH ✅

Brewster, W. (1902). Birds of the Cape region of Lower California. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 41(1):1-242.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brice, A. T. (1992). The essentiality of nectar and arthropods in the diet of the Anna’s hummingbird (Calypte anna). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 101(1):151-155.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brice, A. T., Dahl, K. H., and Grau, C. R. (1989). Pollen digestibility by hummingbirds and psittacines. Condor 91(3):681-688.
Keywords: Trochilidae;ANHU; COHU ✅


Brice, A. T., and Grau, C. R. (1989). Hummingbird nutrition: Development of a purified diet for long-term maintenance. Zoo Biology 8(3):233-237.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Brice, A. T., and Grau, C. R. (1991). Protein requirements of Costa’s hummingbirds Calypte costae. Physiological Zoology 64(2):611-626.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bristow, K. D., Boe, S. R., and Ockenfels, R. A. (2005). Predicting habitat suitability for wildlife in southeastern Arizona using Geographic Information Systems: Scaled Quail, a case study, pp. 57-61 in Gottfried, G. J., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago II. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-36, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Brody, A. K., and Mitchell, R. J. (1997). Effects of experimental manipulation of inflorescence size on pollination and pre-dispersal seed predation in the hummingbird-pollinated plant Ipomopsis aggregata. Oecologia 110(1):86-93.
Keywords: RUHU

Brooks, D. M. (2012). Birds caught in spider webs: A synthesis of patterns. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124(2):345-353.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Broom, D. M. (1976). Duration of feeding bouts and responses to salt solutions by hummingbirds at artificial feeders. Condor 78(1):135-138.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Brotherson, J. D., Szyska, L. A., and Evenson, W. E. (1981). Bird community composition in relation to habitat and season in Betatakin Canyon, Navajo National Monument, Arizona. Great Basin Naturalist 41(3):298-309.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brown, B. T. (1992). Nesting chronology, density and habitat use of Black-Chinned Hummingbirds along the Colorado River, Arizona [Cronología de anidamiento, densidad y utilización de habitat por parte de Archilochus alexandri a lo largo del Río Colorado, Arizona]. Journal of Field Ornithology 63(4):393-400.
Keywords: COHU; BCHU ✅

Brown, D. E. (1994). Biotic communities: Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT.
Keywords: COHU

Brown, D. E., and Brennan, T. C. (2007). A digitized biotic communities map for plotting and comparing North American plant and animal distributions. Canotia 3(1):1-12.
Keywords: Biota

Brown, D. E., and Davis, R. (1995). One hundred years of vicissitude: Terrestrial bird and mammal distribution changes in the American Southwest, 1890-1990, pp. 231-244 in DeBano, L. F., Ffolliott, P. F., Ortega-Rubio, A., Gottfried, G. J., Hamre, R. H., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, General Technical Report RM-GTR-264. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: VCHU; LUHU



Brown, D. E., and Davis, R. (1998). Terrestrial bird and mammal distribution changes in the American Southwest, 1890–1990, pp. 47-64 in Tellman, B. (editor) The Future of Arid Grasslands: Identifying Issues, Seeking Solutions. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research, Station Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Keywords: LUHU


Brown, D. E., Lowe, C. H., Jr., and Hausler, J. F. (1977). Southwestern riparian communities: Their biotic importance and management in Arizona. Proceedings of the Importance, Preservation, and management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ.

Brown, D. E., Lowe, C. H., Jr., and Pase, C. P. (1979). A digitized classification system for the biotic communities of North America, with community (series) and association examples for the Southwest. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 14(1):1-16.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Brown, D. E., Reichenbacher, F., and Franson, S. E. (1998). A classification of North American biotic communities. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brown, G. S. (1994). Spatial association learning by Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus): Effects of relative spacing among stimuli. Journal of Comparative Psychology 108(1):29.
Keywords: RUHU

Brown, G. S., and Gass, C. L. (1993). Spatial association learning by hummingbirds. Animal Behaviour 46(3):487-497.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brown, J. H. (1984). On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. American Naturalist 124(2):255-279.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Brown, J. H., and Bowers, M. A. (1985). Community organization in hummingbirds: Relationships between morphology and ecology. Auk 102(2):251-269.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Brown, J. H., Calder, W. A., III, and Kodric-Brown, A. (1978). Correlates and consequences of body size in nectar-feeding birds. American Zoologist 18(4):687-738.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Brown, J. H., and Kodric-Brown, A. (1979). Convergence, competition, and mimicry in a temperate community of hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Ecology 60(5):1022-1035.
Keywords: BCHU


Brown, J. H., Kodric-Brown, A., Whitham, T. G., and Bond, H. W. (1981). Competition between hummingbirds and insects for the nectar of two species of shrubs. Southwestern Naturalist 26(2):133-145.
Keywords: COHU

Brown, J. H., Mehlnian, D. W., and Stevens, G. C. (1995). Spatial variation in abundance. Ecology 76(7):2028-2043.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Browning, M. R. (1975). The distribution and occurrence of the birds of Jackson County, Oregon, and surrounding areas. North American Fauna 70:1-69.
Keywords: BCHU

Browning, M. R., and English, W. (1967). Anna’s Hummingbird in southwestern Oregon. Condor 69(1):89.
Keywords: ANHU ✅

Browning, M. R., and Monroe, B. L. (1991). Clarifications and corrections of the dates of issue of some publications containing descriptions of North American birds. Archives of Natural History 18(3):381-405.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Brudenell-Bruce, P. G. C. (1975). The birds of the Bahamas: New Providence and the Bahama Islands. Taplinger Publishing Company, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Bruneau, A. (1997). Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany 84(1):54-71. Keywords: BEHU
Bruner, S. C. (1926). Notes on the birds of the Baboquivari Mountains, Arizona. Condor 28(5):231-238.
Keywords: BCHU; BBIH; COHU ✅


Brunton, D. F., Andrews, S., and Paton, D. G. (1979). Nesting of the Calliope Hummingbird in Kananskis Provincial Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93:449-451.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Bryan, K. B. (2002). Birds of the Trans-Pecos: A field checklist. Natural Resources Program, Texas Parks and Wildlife. PWD BK P4000-809..
Keywords: BEHU; BBIH; WEHU; VCHU; BTHH; RIHU; LUHU; RTHU; BCHU; ANHU; COHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU ✅

Bryan, K. B. (2014). Hummingbirds of West Texas: A quick reference guide to status and distribution. Keywords: RIHU; BTHH; LUHU; RTHU; BCHU; ANHU; COHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU; BBIH; BEHU; VCHU; WEHU ✅
Bryan, K. B., Eastman, M., and Eastman, M. (2014). The breeding status of Broad-billed and White-eared hummingbirds In Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 47(1-2):45-50.
Keywords: ANHU; BBIH; WEHU; BTHH; RIHU; RTHU; BCHU; BTAH ✅

Bryan, K. B., Gallucci, T., Lasley, G., Lockwood, M. W., and Riskind, D. H. (2006). A checklist of Texas birds, 7th ed. Technical Series No. 32. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department, Austin, TX.
Keywords: LUHU; BBIH; WEHU; BEHU; VCHU; BTHH; RIHU; RTHU; BCHU; ANHU; COHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU ❎


Bryant, H. C. (1925). Nesting of the Allen Hummingbird in Golden Gate Park. Condor 27(3):98-100.
Keywords: ALHU ✅


Bryant, W. E. (1887). Unusual nesting sites. Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences 2(8):451-453.
Keywords: CAHU ✅

Bucher, T. L., and Chappell, M. A. (1989). Energy metabolism and patterns of ventilation in euthermic and torpid hummingbirds, pp. 187-195 in Bech, C., and Reinertsen, R. E. (editors). Physiology of Cold Adaptation in Birds. Springer.
Keywords: COHU


Bucher, T. L., and Chappell, M. A. (1992). Ventilatory and metabolic dynamics during entry into and arousal from torpor in Selasphorus hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 65(5):978-993.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU

Bucher, T. L., and Chappell, M. A. (1997). Respiratory exchange and ventilation during nocturnal torpor in hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 70(1):45-52.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Buchmann, S., Adams, L. D., Howell, A. D., and Weiss, M. (2010). A study of insect pollinators associated with DoD TER-S flowering plants, including identification of habitat types where they co-occur by military installation in the Western United States. Arlington, VA: Legacy Resource Management Program. Report ADA534396.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Buettner, M. A. (1982). Strange behavior of a Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Blue Jay 40(4):218. Keywords: RTHU
Bullivant, B. (1698). Part of a letter from Mr. Benjamin Bullivant, at Boston, in New England; to Mr. James Petiver, Apothecary, and Fellow of the Royal Society, in London. concerning some natural observations he had made in those parts. Philosophical Transactions 20(240):167-168.
Keywords: RTHU


Bullock, W. (1825). Humming Birds, pp. 1-15 in Six months residence and travels in Mexico; containing remarks on the present state of New Spain, its natural productions, state of society, manufactures, trade, agriculture, antiquities, etc., vol. 2. John Murray, London.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Burgoon, D. A., Kilgore, D. L., and Motta, P. J. (1987). Brain temperature in the Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope): A species lacking arete mirabile ophthalmicum. Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 157(5):583-588.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Burleigh, T. D., and Lowery, G. H., Jr. (1940). Birds of the Guadalupe Mountain region of western Texas. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 8:85-151.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Burleigh, T. D., and Lowery, G. H., Jr. (1942). Notes on the birds of southeastern Coahuila. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology 12:185-212.
Keywords: LUHU; RTHU; BCHU; BTAH

Burns, F. L. (1915). Comparative periods of deposition and incubation of some North American birds. Wilson Bulletin 27(1):275-286.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Burns, F. L. (1921). Comparative periods of nestling life of some North American Nidicolæ [continued]. Wilson Bulletin 33(2):90-99.
Keywords: ANHU; BTHH; RTHU; COHU; BCHU ✅

Burns, J. (2008). Jim Burns’ Arizona birds: From the backyard to the backwoods. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: BEHU

Búrquez, A., and Bustamante, E. (2007). PS 36-184: How to be ornithophilous: Hummingbird pollination of the Sonoran Desert cactus Stenocereus alamosensis. Proceedings of the ESA/SER Joint Meeting, San Jose, CA.
Keywords: BBIH

Butler, C. (1949). Hummingbird killed by praying mantis. Auk 66(3):286.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RTHU ✅

Butler, E. (1967). Migrating flock of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds at Green Haven. Kingbird 17(4):213.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Buzato, S., Sazima, M., and Sazima, I. (2000). Hummingbird-pollinated floras at three Atlantic forest sites. Biotropica 32(4b):824-841.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Cabanis, J. L. Lichtenstein’s Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer Vögel etc. vom Jahre 1830. Journal für Ornithologie 11(61):54-60.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cabanis, J. L., and Heine, F. (1860). Museum Heineanum : Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt , vol. 3. In Commission bei R. Frantz,1850-1863, Halbertstadt.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Calder, W. A., III (1970). Thermal aspects of nesting of the Calliope Hummingbird. Jackson Hole, WY: Jackson Hole Research Station Annual Report, Article 6.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (1971). Temperature relationships and nesting of the Calliope Hummingbird. Condor 73(3):314-321.
Keywords: CAHU; ANHU ✅


Calder, W. A., III (1972). Piracy of nesting materials from and by the Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Condor 74(4):485.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Calder, W. A., III (1973). An estimate of the heat balance of a nesting hummingbird in a chilling climate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 46(2):291-300.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (1973). Microhabitat selection during nesting of hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains. Ecology 54(1):127-134.
Keywords: CAHU; BTAH; Trochilidae


Calder, W. A., III (1973). The timing of maternal behavior of the Broad-tailed Hummingbird preceding nest failure. Wilson Bulletin 85(3):283-290.
Keywords: BTAH; RUHU ✅

Calder, W. A., III (1974). Consequences of body-size for avian energetics, pp. 86-151 in Paynter, R. A. (editor) Avian energetics. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (1974). The thermal and radiant environment of a winter hummingbird nest. Condor 76(3):268-273.
Keywords: ANHU ✅


Calder, W. A., III (1975). Daylength and the hummingbirds’ use of time. Auk 92(1):81-97.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU; BTAH; CAHU; COHU; BBIH; RTHU ✅


Calder, W. A., III (1975). Factors in the energy budget of mountain hummingbirds, pp. 431-442 in Gates, D. M., and Schmerl, R. B. (editors). Perspectives of biophysical ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (1976). Energetics of small body size and high latitude the Rufous Hummingbird in coastal Alaska. International journal of biometeorology 20(1):23-35.
Keywords: RUHU

Calder, W. A., III (1976). Energy crisis of the hummingbird. Natural History 85(5):24-29. Keywords: Trochilidae; CAHU; ANHU; BTAH; RUHU ✅
Calder, W. A., III (1979). On the temperature-dependency of optimal nectar concentrations for birds. Journal of Theoretical Biology 78(2):185-196.
Keywords: BCHU

Calder, W. A., III (1984). Size, function, and life history. Dover, Mineola, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (1987). Southbound through Colorado: Migration of Rufous Hummingbirds. National Geographic Research 3(1):40-51. Keywords: RUHU ❌
Calder, W. A., III (1990). The scaling of sound output and territory size: Are they matched? Ecology 71(5):1810-1816.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (1993). Migration of Rufous Hummingbirds. Wildbird 7(5):43-45. Keywords: RUHU ❌
Calder, W. A., III (1993). Rufous Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 53. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: RUHU
Calder, W. A., III (1994). When do hummingbirds use torpor in nature? Physiological Zoology 67(5):1051-1076.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (1995). An extra-limital Broad-Tailed Hummingbird in winter: Disoriented or harbinger of change? [Un Selasphorus platycercus invernando fuera de limites: Desorientado o anunciador de cambio?]. Journal of Field Ornithology 66(4):522-530.
Keywords: BTAH ✅

Calder, W. A., III (2000). Diversity and convergence: Scaling for conservation, pp. 297-323 in Brown, J. H., and West, G. B. (editors). Scaling in biology. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (2001). Hummingbirds (Trochilidae). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences:1-4.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III (2004). Rufous and Broad-tailed hummingbirds: Pollination, migration, and population biology, pp. 59-79 in Nabhan, G. P. (editor) Conserving Migratory Pollinators and Nectar Corridors in Western North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: RUHU; BTAH

Calder, W. A., III, and Boesman, P. (2017). Calliope Hummingbird (Selasphorus calliope), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: CAHU

Calder, W. A., III, and Booser, J. (1973). Hypothermia of broad-tailed hummingbirds during incubation in nature with ecological correlations. Science 180(4087):751-753.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III, and Calder, L. L. (1992). Broad-tailed Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 16. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: BTAH
Calder, W. A., III, and Calder, L. L. (1994). Calliope Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 135. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: CAHU
Calder, W. A., III, and Calder, L. L. (1994). Calliope Hummingbird (Selasphorus calliope), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: CAHU


Calder, W. A., III, and Calder, L. L. (1995). Size and abundance: Breeding population density of the Calliope Hummingbird. Auk 112(2):517-521.
Keywords: CAHU ✅


Calder, W. A., III, Calder, L. L., and Fraizer, T. D. (1990). The hummingbird’s restraint: A natural model for weight control. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 46(10):999-1002.
Keywords: RIHU

Calder, W. A., III, and Contreras-Martínez, S. (1995). Migrant hummingbirds and warblers on Mexican wintering grounds. Proceedings of the Conservation of Neotropical migratory birds in Mexico, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III, and Harrison, D. E. (1990). Avian longevity and aging, pp. 185-204 in Harrison, D. E. (editor) Genetic Effects on Aging II. Telford Press, Caldwell, NJ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III, and Hiebert, S. M. (1983). Nectar feeding, diuresis, and electrolyte replacement of hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 56(3):325-334. Keywords: Trochilidae
Calder, W. A., III, and Jones, E. G. (1989). Implications of recapture data for migration of the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) in the Rocky Mountains. Auk 106(3):488-489.
Keywords: RUHU; RTHU ✅

Calder, W. A., III, and King, J. R. (1974). Thermal and caloric relations of birds, pp. 259-413 in Farner, D. S., King, J. R., and Parkes, K. C. (editors). Avian biology, vol. 4. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Calder, W. A., III, Waser, N. M., Hiebert, S. M., Inouye, D. W., and Miller, S. (1983). Site-fidelity, longevity, and population dynamics of Broad-tailed hummingbirds: a ten year study. Oecologia 56(2):359-364.
Keywords: BTAH

Cameron, E. S. (1907). The birds of Custer and Dawson Counties, Montana. Auk 24(4):389-406.
Keywords: RTHU; CAHU


Camfield, A. F. (2003). Quality of food source affects female visitation and display rates of male broad-tailed hummingbirds. Condor 105(3):603-606.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Camfield, A. F. (2006). Resource value affects territorial defense by Broad‐tailed and Rufous hummingbirds. Journal of Field Ornithology 77(2):120-125.
Keywords: RUHU; BTAH


Camfield, A. F., Calder, W. A., III, and Calder, L. L. (2013). Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: BTAH


Campbell, B. G. (1977). Sexual selection and the descent of man: 1871-1971. Aldine, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Campbell, D. R., and Dooley, J. L. (1992). The spatial scale of genetic differentiation in a hummingbird-pollinated plant: Comparison with models of isolation by distance. American Naturalist 139(4):735-748.
Keywords: RUHU


Campbell, D. R., Waser, N. M., and Meléndez-Ackerman, E. (1997). Analyzing pollinator-mediated selection in a plant hybrid zone: Hummingbird visitation patterns on three spatial scales. American Naturalist 149(2):295-315.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Campbell, D. R., Waser, N. M., and Price, M. V. (1996). Mechanisms of hummingbird-mediated selection for flower width in Ipomopsis aggregata. Ecology 77(5):1463-1472.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Campbell, W., Dawe, N. K., McTaggart-Cowan, I., Cooper, J., Kaiser, G. W., and McNall, M. (2007). Birds of British Columbia, Volume 2: Nonpasserines – Diurnal Birds of Prey through Woodpeckers. UBC Press, Vancouver, BC.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Canepa, J. R., Powers, D. R., and Wethington, S. M. (2014). Assessing effects of temperature on daily energy expenditure in hummingbirds using a non-invasive doubly labeled water protocol. Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Canepa, J. R., Shankar, A., Powers, D. R., Schroeder, R. J., and Graham, C. H. (2015). Changes in hummingbird daily energy expenditure along an elevational gradient. Proceedings of the Integrative and Comparative Biology.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Caprio, A. C., and Zwolinski, M. J. (1995). Fire and vegetation in a Madrean oak woodland, Santa Catalina Mountains, southeastern Arizona, pp. 389-398 in DeBano, L. F., Ffolliott, P. F., Ortega-Rubio, A., Gottfried, G. J., Hamre, R. H., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, General Technical Report RM-GTR-264. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Cardénas-García, M., and Olguín-Villa, M. C. (2013). Bird list of San Bernardino Ranch in Agua Prieta, Sonora, Mexico, pp. 127-130 in Gottfried, G. J., Ffolliott, P. F., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Collins, L. C. (editors). Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-67, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: BCHU; BBIH; BTAH; Biota ✅


Cardiff, S. W., and Remsen, J. V., Jr. (1981). Breeding avifaunas of the New York Mountains and Kingston Range: Islands of conifers in the Mojave Desert of California. Western Birds 12(2):73-86.
Keywords: COHU; BTAH; ANHU ✅

Carey, C., (Editor) (1996). Avian energetics and nutritional ecology. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Carey, C., and Morton, M. L. (1976). Aspects of circulatory physiology of montane and lowland birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 54(1):61-74.
Keywords: ANHU

Carignan, J. M. (1989). Ecological survey and elevational gradient implications of the flora and vertebrate fauna in the northern Del Norte Mountains, Brewster County, Texas. M.S. thesis, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Carmona, R., Ruiz-Campos, G., Castillo-Guerrero, J. A., and Brabata, G. (2005). Patterns of occurrence and abundance of land birds on Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, México. Southwestern Naturalist 50(4):440-447.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Carothers, S. W. (1979). Distribution and abundance of nongame birds in riparian vegetation in Arizona. Tempe, AZ. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Carothers, S. W., Balda, R. P., and Haldeman, J. R. (1973). Habitat selection and density of breeding birds of a coniferous forest in the White Mountains, Arizona, vol. 12. Breeding birds of the San Francisco Mountain area and the White Mountains, Arizona. Museum of North Arizona, Flagstaff, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Carothers, S. W., and Johnson, R. R. (1975). Water management practices and their effects on nongame birds in range habitats, pp. 210-222 in Smith, D. R. (editor) Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-1. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Carothers, S. W., Johnson, R. R., and Aitchison, S. W. (1974). Population structure and social organization of southwestern riparian birds. American Zoologist 14(1):97-108.
Keywords: BCHU


Carothers, S. W., Phillips, A. M., Phillips, B. G., Johnson, R. A., Babcock, C. S., and Sharp, M. M. (1982). Riparian ecology of the San Francisco River: Frisco Hot Springs, New Mexico to the Martinez Ranch, Arizona. Springerville, AZ: USDA Forest Service. Final Report No. 43-8173-0-1161.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Carpenter, F. L. (1974). Torpor in an Andean hummingbird: Its ecological significance. Science 183(4124):545-547.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Carpenter, F. L. (1976). Ecology and evolution of an Andean hummingbird (Oreotrochilus estella). University of California Publications in Zoology 106:1-74. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Carpenter, F. L. (1978). A spectrum of nectar-eater communities. American Zoologist 18(4):809-819.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Carpenter, F. L. (1979). Competition between hummingbirds and insects for nectar. American Zoologist 19(4):1105-1114.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Carpenter, F. L. (1983). Pollination energetics in avian communities: Simple concepts and complex realities, pp. 215-235 in Jones, C. E., and Little, R. J. (editors). Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Scientific and Academic Editions, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Carpenter, F. L. (1987). Food abundance and territoriality: To defend or not to defend? American Zoologist 27(2):387-399.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Carpenter, F. L. (1988). Pollen-transfer efficiency compensates for pollinator crashes in a specialized bird-pollinated plant, pp. 537-548 in Ouellet, H. (editor) Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, vol. 1. University of Ottawa Press, Ottawa.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Carpenter, F. L., and Castronova, J. L. (1980). Maternal diet selectivity in Calypte anna. American Midland Naturalist 103(1):175-179.
Keywords: ANHU

Carpenter, F. L., and Hixon, M. A. (1988). A new function for torpor: Fat conservation in a wild migrant hummingbird. Condor 90(2):373-378.
Keywords: BTAH; RUHU; COHU ✅


Carpenter, F. L., Hixon, M. A., Beuchat, C. A., Russell, R. W., and Paton, D. C. (1993). Biphasic mass gain in migrant hummingbirds: body composition changes, torpor, and ecological significance. Ecology 74(4):1173-1182.
Keywords: RUHU

Carpenter, F. L., Hixon, M. A., Hunt, A., and Russell, R. W. (1991). Why hummingbirds have such large crops. Evolutionary Ecology 5(4):405-414.
Keywords: ANHU

Carpenter, F. L., Hixon, M. A., Paton, D. C., Temeles, E. J., and Russell, R. W. (1991). Sexual differences in resource acquisition by migrant hummingbirds. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 20th International Ornithological Congress, Wellington, NZ.
Keywords: LUHU

Carpenter, F. L., Hixon, M. A., Russell, R. W., Paton, D. C., and Temeles, E. J. (1993). Interference asymmetries among age-sex classes of rufous hummingbirds during migratory stopovers. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33(5):297-304.
Keywords: RUHU


Carpenter, F. L., Hixon, M. A., Temeles, E. J., Russell, R. W., and Paton, D. C. (1993). Exploitative compensation by subordinate age-sex classes of migrant rufous hummingbirds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33(5):305-312.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Carpenter, F. L., Paton, D. C., and Hixon, M. A. (1983). Weight gain and adjustment of feeding territory size in migrant hummingbirds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 80(23):7259-7263.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Carpenter, N. (1903). The hummingbirds of Escondido and vicinity. Condor 5(1):20.
Keywords: BCHU; ANHU; RUHU; ALHU ✅

Carriker, M. A., Jr. (1910). An annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica, including Cocos Island [Lista anotada de las aves de Costa Rica, incluyendo la Isla del Coco]. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 6(2-3):314-915.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Carroll, S. P., and Moore, L. (1993). Hummingbirds take their vitamins. Animal Behaviour 46(4):817-820.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cartron, J.-L. E., Stoleson, S. H., and Johnson, R. R. (1999). Riparian dependence, biogeographic status, and likelihood of endangerment in landbirds of the Southwest, pp. 211-215 in Rio Grande ecosystems: Linking land, water, and people. Toward a sustainable future for the middle Rio Grande Basin.. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings RMRS-P-7, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: VCHU; BBIH; BCHU; ANHU ✅


Casas, A., Valiente-Banuet, A., Rojas-Martinez, A., and Davila, P. (1999). Reproductive biology and the process of domestication of the columnar cactus Stenocereus stellatus in Central Mexico. American Journal of Botany 86(4):534-542.
Keywords: VCHU

Case, T. J., and Cody, M. L., (Editors) (1983). Island biogeography in the Sea of Cortez. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: COHU

Casotti, G., Beuchat, C. A., and Braun, E. J. (1998). Morphology of the kidney in a nectarivorous bird, the Anna’s Hummingbird Calypte anna. Journal of Zoology 244(2):175-184. Keywords: ANHU; Trochilidae
Cassin, J. (1862). Illustrations of the birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British and Russian America: Intended to contain descriptions and figures of all North American birds not given by former American authors, and a general synopsis of North American ornithology. J.B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, PA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Castellanos, M. C., Wilson, P., and Thomson, J. D. (2003). Pollen transfer by hummingbirds and bumblebees, and the divergence of pollination modes in Penstemon. Evolution 57(12):2742-2752.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Casto, S. D., and Burke, H. R. (2007). Louis Agassiz Fuertes and the biological survey of Trans-Pecos Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 40(1):49-61.
Keywords: LUHU; BCHU; BTHH ✅

Catchpole, C. K., and Slater, P. J. B. (2008). Bird song: Biological themes and variations, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Catesby, M. (1754). The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. Marsh and Wilcox, London, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ceballos, G. (1995). Vertebrate diversity, ecology, and conservation in neotropical dry forests, pp. 195-220 in Bullock, S., Medina, E., and Mooney, H. (editors). Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Chai, P. (1997). Hummingbird hovering energetics during moult of primary flight feathers. Journal of Experimental Biology 200(10):1527-1536.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chai, P., Altshuler, D. L., Stephens, D. B., and Dillon, M. E. (1999). Maximal horizontal flight performance of hummingbirds: Effects of body mass and molt. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 72(2):145-155.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chai, P., Chang, A. C., and Dudley, R. (1998). Flight thermogenesis and energy conservation in hovering hummingbirds. Journal of Experimental Biology 201(7):963-968.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chai, P., Chen, J., and Dudley, R. (1997). Transient hovering performance of hummingbirds under conditions of maximal loading. Journal of Experimental Biology 200(5):921-929.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chai, P., and Dudley, R. (1995). Limits to vertebrate locomotor energetics suggested by hummingbirds hovering in heliox. Nature 377(6551):722-725.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chai, P., and Dudley, R. (1996). Limits to flight energetics of hummingbirds hovering in hypodense and hypoxic gas mixtures. Journal of Experimental Biology 199(10):2285-2295.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chai, P., and Dudley, R. (1999). Maximum flight performance of hummingbirds: capacities, constraints, and trade-offs. American Naturalist 153(4):398-411.
Keywords: BCHU

Chai, P., Harrykissoon, R., and Dudley, R. (1996). Hummingbird hovering performance in hyperoxic heliox: Effects of body mass and sex. Journal of Experimental Biology 199(12):2745-2755.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chai, P., and Millard, D. (1997). Flight and size constraints: Hovering performance of large hummingbirds under maximal loading. Journal of Experimental Biology 200(21):2757-2763.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chamberlain, M. (1882). A catalogue of the birds of New Brunswick: With brief notes relating to their migrations, breeding, relative abundance, etc. Bulletin of the Nattural History Society of New Brunswick 1:25-68.
Keywords: RTHU

Chambers, W. L. (1903). Early nesting of Calypte anna in the vicinity of Santa Monica, California. Condor 5(5):133.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chambers, W. L. (1916). Hummingbird mistakes scarlet yarn for a flower. Condor 18(5):202.
Keywords: BCHU ✅

Chandler, A. C. (1916). A study of the structure of feathers, with reference to their taxonomic significance. University of California Publications in Zoology 13(11):243-446.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Chaplin, S. B., Cervenka, M. L., and Mickelson, A. C. (2002). Thermal environment of the nest during development of tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) chicks. Auk 119(3):845-851.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Chapman, F. M. (1892). Notes on birds and mammals observed near Trinidad, Cuba: With remarks on the origin of West Indian bird-life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 4(16):279-330.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Chartier, A. (1999). Twenty-two Years of Ruby-throated Hummingbird migration at Holiday Beach Conservation Area, Ontario, Canada. Ontario Birds 16(3):101-110.
Keywords: RTHU

Chase, M. K., Kristan, W. B., Lynam, A. J., Price, M. V., and Rotenberry, J. T. (2000). Single species as indicators of species richness and composition in California coastal sage scrub birds and small mammals. Conservation Biology 14(2):474-487.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Chase, M. K., Rotenberry, J. T., and Misenhelter, M. D. (1998). Is the California Gnatcatcher an indicator of bird-species richness in coastal sage scrub? Western Birds 29(4):468-474.
Keywords: COHU ✅

Chase, V. C., and Raven, P. H. (1975). Evolutionary and ecological relationships between Aquilegia formosa and A. pubescens (Ranunculaceae), two perennial plants. Evolution 29(3):474-486.
Keywords: CAHU; RUHU ✅


Chavez-Ramirez, F., and Dowd, M. (1992). Arthropod feeding by two Dominican hummingbird species. Wilson Bulletin 104:743-747.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Chávez-Zichinelli, C., Gómez, L., Ortiz-Pulido, R., Lara, C., Valdéz, R., and Romano, M. (2014). Testosterone levels in feces predict risk-sensitive foraging in hummingbirds. Journal of Avian Biology 45(5):501-506.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Chen, D.-M., and Goldsmith, T. H. (1986). Four spectral classes of cone in the retinas of birds. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 159(4):473-479.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cheng, B., Tobalske, B. W., Powers, D. R., Hedrick, T. L., Wethington, S. M., Chiu, G. T., and Deng, X. (2016). Flight mechanics and control of escape manoeuvres in hummingbirds. I. Flight kinematics. Journal of Experimental Biology 219(22):3518-3531.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Chesser, R. T., Banks, R. C., Barker, F. K., Cicero, C., Dunn, J. L., Kratter, A. W., Lovette, I. J., Rasmussen, P. C., Remsen, J. V., Jr., Rising, J. D., Stotz, D. F., and Winker, K. (2012). Fifty-third supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American birds. Auk 129(3):573-588.
Keywords: Trochilidae; CAHU ✅


Chesser, R. T., Burns, K. J., Cicero, C., Dunn, J. L., Kratter, A. W., Lovette, I. J., Rasmussen, P. C., Remsen, J. V., Jr., Rising, J. D., Stotz, D. F., and Winker, K. (2017). Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds. Auk 134(3):751-773.
Keywords: RIHU ✅


Chesser, R. T., and Levey, D. J. (1998). Austral migrants and the evolution of migration in New World birds: Diet, habitat, and migration revisited. American Naturalist 152(2):311-319.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Childs, J. L. (1906). Nest and eggs of Blue-throated Hummingbird (Cœligena clemenciæ). Warbler 2(4):65.
Keywords: BTHH

Chin, E. R. (2012). Nesting ecology of Costa’s Hummingbird, Calypte costae, in the Sonoran Desert. M.S. thesis, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Christensen, B. A. (2001). Biomechanics and behavior of hummingbird moltM.S. dissertation University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clapp, R. B., Klimkiewicz, M. K., and Futcher, A. G. (1983). Longevity records of North American birds: Columbidae through Paridae. Journal of Field Ornithology 54(2):123-137.
Keywords: ALHU; ANHU; BTAH; RTHU ✅

Clark, C. J. (2009). Courtship dives of Anna’s hummingbird offer insights into flight performance limits. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences:rspb.2009.0508.
Keywords: ANHU


Clark, C. J. (2009). On hummingbird tail morphology as shaped by the interactions between flight-related functions, and sexual selection. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: LUHU


Clark, C. J. (2010). The evolution of tail shape in hummingbirds. Auk 127(1):44-56.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Clark, C. J. (2011). Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds. Current Zoology 57(2):187-196.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clark, C. J. (2014). Harmonic hopping, and both punctuated and gradual evolution of acoustic characters in Selasphorus hummingbird tail-feathers. PloS one 9(4):e93829.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clark, C. J. (2016). Locomotion-induced sounds and sonations: Mechanisms, communication function, and relationship with behavior, pp. 83-117 in Suthers, R. A., Fitch, W. T., Fay, R. R., and Popper, A. N. (editors). Vertebrate Sound Production and Acoustic Communication. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Clark, C. J. (2017). eBird records show substantial growth of the Allen’s Hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin sedentarius) population in urban Southern California. Condor 119(1):122-130.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clark, C. J., and Dudley, R. (2009). Flight costs of long, sexually selected tails in hummingbirds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences:rspb.2009.0090.
Keywords: ANHU


Clark, C. J., and Dudley, R. (2010). Hovering and forward flight energetics in Anna’s and Allen’s hummingbirds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 83(4):654-662.
Keywords: ANHU

Clark, C. J., Elias, D. O., Girard, M. B., and Prum, R. O. (2013). Structural resonance and mode of flutter of hummingbird tail feathers. Journal of Experimental Biology 216(18):3404-3413.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clark, C. J., Elias, D. O., and Prum, R. O. (2011). Aeroelastic flutter produces hummingbird feather songs. Science 333(6048):1430-1433.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clark, C. J., Elias, D. O., and Prum, R. O. (2013). Hummingbird feather sounds are produced by aeroelastic flutter, not vortex-induced vibration. Journal of Experimental Biology 216:3395-3403.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clark, C. J., and Feo, T. J. (2008). The Anna’s Hummingbird chirps with its tail: A new mechanism of sonation in birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 275(1637):955-962.
Keywords: ANHU


Clark, C. J., and Feo, T. J. (2010). Why do Calypte hummingbirds “sing” with both their tail and their syrinx? An apparent example of sexual sensory bias. American Naturalist 175(1):27-37.
Keywords: ANHU

Clark, C. J., Feo, T. J., and Bryan, K. B. (2012). Courtship displays and sonations of a hybrid male Broad-tailed × Black-chinned Hummingbird. Condor 114(2):329-340.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clark, C. J., Feo, T. J., and Escalante, I. (2011). Courtship displays and natural history of Scintillant (Selasphorus scintilla) and Volcano (S. flammula) hummingbirds. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 123(2):218-228.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clark, C. J., Feo, T. J., and Van Dongen, W. F. D. (2013). Sounds and courtship displays of the Peruvian Sheartail, Chilean Woodstar, Oasis Hummingbird, and a hybrid male Peruvian Sheartail × Chilean Woodstar. Condor 115(3):558-575.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Clark, C. J., and Mitchell, D. E. (2013). Allen’s Hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: ALHU


Clark, C. J., and Russell, S. M. (2012). Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: ANHU


Clark, J. H. (1900). Notes on the nesting of the Blue-throated Hummingbird. Auk 17(3):294.
Keywords: BTHH ✅

Clark, K. B. (2011). Fragmentation effects on vegetation and resulting vertebrate species distributions in the sonoran desert. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 42(2):84-91.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Clark, L., Hagelin, J., and Werner, S. (2014). The chemical senses in birds, pp. 89-111 in Scanes, C. G. (editor) Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, Sixth edition. Academic Press, London.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Clench, M. H., and Leberman, R. C. (1978). Weights of 151 species of Pennsylvania birds analyzed by month, age, and sex. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 5:1-87.
Keywords: Reference; RTHU ✅

Clyde, D. P. (1972). Anna’s Hummingbird in adult male plumage feeds nestling. Condor 74(1):102.
Keywords: ANHU ✅

Coblentz, D., and Riitters, K. H. (2005). A quantitative topographic analysis of the Sky Islands: A closer examination of the topography-biodiversity relationship in the Madrean Archipelago, pp. 69-74 in Gottfried, G. J., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago II. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-36, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Cockrum, E. L. (1952). A check-list and bibliography of hybrid birds in North America north of Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 64(3):140-159.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Cody, M. L. (1968). Interspecific territoriality among hummingbird species. Condor 70(3):270-271.
Keywords: ALHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU; COHU; ANHU ✅


Cody, M. L. (1974). Competition and the structure of bird communities, vol. 7. Monographs in Population Biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cody, M. L. (1981). Habitat selection in birds: The roles of vegetation structure, competitors, and productivity. BioScience 31(2):107-113.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cody, M. L., (Editor) (1985). Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Cogswell, H. L. (1949). Alternate care of two nests in the Black-chinned Hummingbird. Condor 51(4):176-178.
Keywords: BCHU ✅


Cogswell, H. L. (1962). Territory size in three species of chaparral birds in relation to vegetation density and structure.Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
Keywords: COHU

Cohn, J. M. W. (1969). The convergent flight mechanism of swifts (Apodi) and hummingbirds (Trochili)(Aves). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Cole, L. W., Nelson, K. N., and Sterling, J. C. (2006). The 30th report of the California bird records committee: 2004 records. Western Birds 37(2):65-105.
Keywords: BBIH; RIHU; RTHU ✅

Collar, N. J., Gonzaga, L. P., Krabbe, N., Madrono Nieto, A., Naranjo, L. G., Parker, T. A., III, and Wege, D. C. (1992). Threatened birds of the Americas: The ICBP Red Data Book, 3rd ed. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, UK.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Collias, N. E. (1986). Engineering aspects of nest building by birds. Endeavour 10(1):9-16.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Collias, N. E., and Collias, E. C. (1968). Anna’s hummingbirds trained to select different colors in feeding. Condor 70(3):273-274.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Collins, B. G. (2008). Nectar intake and foraging efficiency: Responses of honeyeaters and hummingbirds to variations in floral environments. Auk 125(3):574-587.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Collins, C. T. (1978). The natal pterylosis of hummingbirds. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 77(1):14-21.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Colwell, R. K. (1973). Competition and coexistence in a simple tropical community. American Naturalist 107(958):737-760.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Colwell, R. K. (1985). Stowaways on the hummingbird express. Natural History 94(7):56-63.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Colwell, R. K. (1995). Effects of nectar consumption by the hummingbird flower mite Proctolaelaps kirmsei on nectar availability in Hamelia patens. Biotropica 27(2):206-217.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Colwell, R. K. (2000). Rensch’s rule crosses the line: Convergent allometry of sexual size dimorphism in hummingbirds and flower mites. American Naturalist 156(5):495-510.
Keywords: LUHU

Colwell, R. K., Betts, B. J., Bunnell, P., Carpenter, F. L., and Feinsinger, P. (1974). Competition for the nectar of Centropogon valerii by the hummingbird Colibri thalassinus and the flower-piercer Diglossa plumbea, and its evolutionary implications. Condor 76(4):447-452.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Colwell, R. K., and Naeem, S. (1979). The first known species of hummingbird flower mite north of Mexico: Rhinoseius epoecus n. sp.(Mesostigmata: Ascidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72(4):485-491.
Keywords: ANHU

Colwell, R. R. (2011). Leg injuries observed in banded female Anna’s Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) in central California. North American Bird Bander 36(2):57-64.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU; ALHU; BTAH ✅

Conine, K. H., Anderson, B. W., Ohmart, R. D., and Drake, J. F. (1979). Responses of riparian species to agricultural habitat conversions, pp. 248-262 in Johnson, R. R., and McCormick, J. F. (editors). Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Constantz, G. D. (1980). Growth of nestling Rufous Hummingbirds. Auk 97(3):622-624.
Keywords: RUHU ✅

Contreras, P. S., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (1999). Reproductive conflicts of Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae) a distylous shrub of a tropical cloud forest in Mexico. Plant Systematics and Evolution 219(3-4):225-241.
Keywords: BEHU


Conway, A. E., and Drennan, S. R. (1979). Rufous Hummingbirds in eastern North America. American Birds 33(2):130-132.
Keywords: RUHU; ALHU; BTAH; BCHU; BBIH ✅

Cook, R. E. (1969). Variation in species density of North American birds. Systematic Biology 18(1):63-84.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Cook, R. R., Flather, C. H., and Wilson, K. R. (2000). Faunal characteristics of the southern Rocky Mountains of New Mexico: Implications for biodiversity analysis and assessment. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station,. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-58.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Cooper, D. S. (2002). Geographic associations of breeding bird distribution in an urban open space. Biological Conservation 104(2):205-210.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cooper, J. G. (1870). The fauna of California and its geographical distribution. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4:61-81.
Keywords: COHU; ALHU; ANHU ✅

Cooper, J. G. (1875). Early nesting of the Anna Hummingbird. American Naturalist 10(1):48-50.
Keywords: ANHU

Cooper, J. G., and Baird, S. F., (ed.) (1870). Ornithology of California, vol. 1 – Land Birds. University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae; ALHU



Copenhaver, C., and Ewald, P. W. (1980). Cost of territory establishment in hummingbirds. Oecologia 46(2):155-160.
Keywords: BCHU; ANHU

Corcuera, P. (2001). The abundance of four bird guilds and their use of plants in a Mexican dry forest-oak woodland gradient in two contrasting seasons. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 2(1):3-14.
Keywords: VCHU

Corcuera, P., and Butterfield, J. E. (1999). Bird communities of dry forests and oak woodland of western Mexico. Ibis 141(2):240-255.
Keywords: VCHU; LUHU


Corcuera, P., and Zavala-Hurtado, J. A. (2006). The influence of vegetation on bird distribution in dry forests and oak woodlands of western Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical/International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 54(2):657-672.
Keywords: VCHU; LUHU

Corman, T. E., and Wise-Gervais, C. (2005). The Arizona breeding bird atlas. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Cory, C. B. (1918). Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History: Including all species and subspecies known to occur in North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, the West Indies, and islands of the Caribbean Sea, the Galapagos Archipelago, and other islands which may properly be included on account of their faunal affinities, vol. 13, pt. 2, no. 1. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Cottam, C. (1941). Incubation feeding of Calliope Hummingbird. Auk 58(1):59-60.
Keywords: CAHU; BTAH ✅


Cottam, C., and Knappen, P. (1939). Food of some uncommon North American birds. Auk 56(2):138-169.
Keywords: RIHU; BTHH; WEHU; BBIH ✅


Cotton, P. A. (1996). Body size and the ecology of hummingbirds, pp. 239-258 in Miller, P. J. (editor) Miniature Vertebrates: The Implications of Small Body Size. The Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Zoological Society of London on 11th and 12th November 1994, vol. 69.. Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Cotton, P. A. (1998). Coevolution in an Amazonian hummingbird-plant community. Ibis 140(4):639-646.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Cotton, P. A. (1998). Temporal partitioning of a floral resource by territorial hummingbirds. Ibis 140(4):647-653.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cotton, P. A. (2007). Seasonal resource tracking by Amazonian hummingbirds. Ibis 149(1):135-142.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Coues, E. (1865). Notes on birds observed at Fort Whipple, Arizona. Ibis 7(4):535-538.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Coues, E. (1865). Ornithology of a prairie journey, and notes on the birds of Arizona. Ibis 7(2):157-165.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Coues, E. (1866). List of the birds of Fort Whipple, Arizona: With which are incorporated all other species ascertained to inhabit the territory; With brief critical and field Notes, descriptions of new species, etc. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 18:39-100.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Coues, E. (1868). List of birds collected in southern Arizona by Dr. E. Palmer; with remarks. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 20:81-85.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Coues, E. (1872). Key to North American Birds. Naturalists’ Agency, Salem, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Coues, E. (1873). A Check List of North American Birds. Naturalists’ agency, Salem, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Coues, E. (1873). Some United States birds, new to science, and other things ornithological. American Naturalist 7(6):321-331.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Coues, E. (1874). Birds of the Northwest: A handbook of the ornithology of the region drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: RIHU



Coues, E. (1874). Field ornithology: Comprising a manual of instruction for procuring, preparing and preserving birds, and a check list of North American birds. Dodd & Mead, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Coues, E. (1878). Birds of the Colorado Valley: A repository of scientific and popular information concerning North American ornithology: Part first, Passeres to Laniidæ, bibliographic appendix, seventy illustrations. Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Miscellaneous publications no. 11. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅



Coues, E. (1878). Nest and eggs of Selasphorus platycercus. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 3(2):95.
Keywords: BTAH

Coues, E. (1879). Second installment of American ornithological bibliography, pp. 239-330 in Hayden, F. V. (editor) Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Volume V. Bulletin 2. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅



Coues, E. (1880). Third installment of American ornithological bibliography, pp. 521-1066 in Hayden, F. V. (editor) Bulletin of the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Volume V. Bulletin 4. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Coues, E. (1882). The Coues check list of North American birds, 2nd ed. Estes and Lauriat, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Coues, E. (1890). Handbook of field and general ornithology; A manual of the structure and classification of birds. Macmillan, London.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Coues, E., Allen, J. A., Brewster, W., Chapman, F. M., Cory, C. B., Henshaw, H. W., Merriam, C. H., and Ridgway, R. (1893). Fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 10(1):59-63.
Keywords: LUHU; COHU; ANHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU ✅

Coues, E., Allen, J. A., Ridgway, R., Brewster, W., and Henshaw, H. W. (1886). The code of nomenclature and check-list of North American birds adopted by the American Ornithologists’ Union. American Ornithologists Union, New York.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Cowdery, C. P., Hull, E. H., Irwin, E. T., Pugh, M. P., and Francisco, M. I. (2013). The effect of hummingbird size on territoriality and foraging strategy. Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College. Participants of the Dartmouth Biology FSP 2013.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Coyne, J. A., Kay, E. H., and Pruett‐Jones, S. (2008). The genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in birds. Evolution 62(1):214-219.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Cracraft, J. (1983). Species concepts and speciation analysis, pp. 159-187 in Johnston, R. F. (editor) Current Ornithology, Vol. 1, vol. 1. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Cracraft, J. (2000). Species concepts in theoretical and applied biology: A systematic debate with consequences, pp. 3-14 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Crisp, E. (1862). On some points relating to the anatomy of the humming-bird (Trochilus colubris). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 30:208-210.
Keywords: RTHU

Crosswhite, F. S., and Crosswhite, C. D. (1982). Hummingbirds as pollinators of flowers in the red-yellow segment of the color spectrum, with special reference to Penstemon and the “Open Habitat”. Desert Plants 3(3):156-170.
Keywords: COHU

Crowell, C. M. (1882). Humming birds in confinement. Ornithologist and Oölogist 7(16):126-128.
Keywords: ALHU

Cruden, R. W. (1972). Pollinators in high-elevation ecosystems: Relative effectiveness of birds and bees. Science 176(4042):1439-1440.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cruz, A., Walsh, J. J., and Chace, J. F. (1999). Parasitism and predation impacts on sensitive neotropical migratory songbirds in ponderosa pine forests of Colorado. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado. Small Grant 1998 Progress Report.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Cuevas-García, E., Alcalá-Guerra, A., Baños-Bravo, Y. E., and Flores, A. (2014). Reproductive biology and nectar robbing in Salvia gesneriflora (Lamiaceae) and their consequences on plant reproductive success. Botanical Sciences 91(3):357-362.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Culbert, P. D. (2012). Remote sensing and avian biodiversity patterns in the United States. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
Keywords: BEHU


Dale, J., Dunn, P. O., Figuerola, J., Lislevand, T., Székely, T., and Whittingham, L. A. (2007). Sexual selection explains Rensch’s rule of allometry for sexual size dimorphism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 274(1628):2971-2979.
Keywords: Reference ❎


Dalsgaard, B., Magård, E., Fjeldså, J., Martín González, A. M., Rahbek, C., Olesen, J. M., Ollerton, J., Alarcón, R., Araujo, A. C., Cotton, P. A., Lara, C., Machado, C. G., Sazima, I., Sazima, M., Timmermann, A., Watts, S., Sandel, B., Sutherland, W. J., and Svenning, J.-C. (2011). Specialization in plant-hummingbird networks is associated with species richness, contemporary precipitation and Quaternary climate-change velocity. PloS one 6(10):e25891.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Dalsgaard, B., Martín González, A. M., Olesen, J. M., Ollerton, J., Timmermann, A., Andersen, L. H., and Tossas, A. G. (2009). Plant-hummingbird interactions in the West Indies: Floral specialisation gradients associated with environment and hummingbird size. Oecologia 159(4):757-766.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Daniel, T. F. (1982). Anisacanthus andersonii (Acanthaceae), a new species from northwestern Mexico. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 109(2):148-151.
Keywords: LUHU

D’Antonio, C. M., and Vitousek, P. M. (1992). Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23(1):63-87.
Keywords: COHU

Dar, S., Arizmendi, M. d. C., and Valiente-Banuet, A. (2006). Diurnal and nocturnal pollination of Marginatocereus marginatus (Pachycereeae: Cactaceae) in Central Mexico. Annals of Botany 97(3):423-427.
Keywords: VCHU

David, N., and Peterson, A. P. (2010). Resolution of priority affecting three hummingbird names established by Bourcier (Aves: Trochilidae). Zoological Bibliography 1(1):3-5.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Davis, B. L. (1997). A field guide to birds of the desert Southwest. Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Davis, J. (1953). Birds of the Tzitzio region, Michoacan, Mexico. Condor 55(2):90-98.
Keywords: BEHU; WEHU ✅


Davis, J. I., and Nixon, K. C. (1992). Populations, genetic variation, and the delimitation of phylogenetic species. Systematic Biology 41(4):421-435.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Davis, L. I. (1963). Desert (breeding-bird census). Audubon Field Notes 17:504. Keywords: COHU ❌
Davis, R. P., and Callahan, J. R., (Editors) (1977). An environmental inventory of the Rosemont area in southern Arizona, Volume I: The present environment. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Davis, T. A. W. (1958). The displays and nests of three forest hummingbirds of British Guiana. Ibis 100(1):31-39.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Davis, W. A., and Russell, S. M. (1990). Birds in southeastern Arizona. Tucson Audubon Society, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Dawson, W. L. (1923). The birds of California: A complete, scientific and popular account of the 580 species and subspecies of birds found in the state, vol. 1. South Moulton, Los Angeles, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



de Badier, M. (1778). Sur la nourriture des colibris et des oiseaux-mouches. Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique, sur l’Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts et Métiers, etc. 11(1):32-33.
Keywords: Trochilidae

de la Hera, I., DeSante, D. F., and Mllá, B. (2012). Feather growth rate and mass in Nearctic passerines with variable migratory behavior and molt pattern. Auk 129(2):222-230.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


de La Llave, P. (1833). [Memoria sobre algunas especies nuevas del género Trochilus]. Registro Trimestre, ó, Colección de historia, literatura, ciencias y artes 2(5):39-50.
Keywords: Trochilidae

de Longuemare, A.-F. G., and Parzudaki, C. (1840). Ouiseaux-mouches rares ou nouveaux, communiqués par MM. Longuemare et Parzudaki, faisant partie du t. IV inédit de l’histoire naturelle des Oiseaux-mouches de M. Lesson. Revue Zoologique de la Société Cuvierienne 3(3):71-74.
Keywords: COHU

de Oca, R. M. (1860). The humming birds of Mexico. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 12:551-553.
Keywords: LUHU

de Oca, R. M. (1874-1875). Ensayo ornitologico de la familia Trochilidas o sea de los colibries o chupamirtos de México. La Naturaleza 3:15-31, 59-66, 99-106, 159-167, 203-211, 299-304.
Keywords: Trochilidae

de Oca, R. M. (1875). Ensayo ornitológico de los troquilideos ó colibries de México. I Escalante, México.
Keywords: Trochilidae



de Queiroz, K. (1998). The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation: A conceptual unification and terminological recommendations, pp. 57-75 in Howard, D. J., and Berlocher, S. H. (editors). Endless forms: Species and speciation. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

de Queiroz, K. (2007). Species concepts and species delimitation. Systematic Biology 56(6):879-886.
Keywords: Reference ❎


DeBano, L. H., Ffolliott, P. F., Ortega-Rubio, A., Gottfried, G. J., Hamre, R. H., and Edminster, C. B., (Editors) (1995). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean archipelago: The Sky Islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-GTR-264, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota ✅



DeBenedictis, P. A., Binford, L. C., Gibson, D., Kaufman, K., Lasley, G., Remsen, J. V., Jr., and Wormington, A. (1991). ABA Checklist report, 1990. Birding August 1991.
Keywords: PCST ✅

DeBenedictis, P. A., Gill, F. B., Hainsworth, F. R., Pyke, G. H., and Wolf, L. L. (1978). Optimal meal size in hummingbirds. American Naturalist 112(984):301-316.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

DeByle, N. V. (1981). Songbird populations and clearcut harvesting of aspen in northern Utah. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Research Note INT-302.
Keywords: Trochilidae


DeGraaf, R. M. (1991). Forest and rangeland birds of the United States: Natural history and habitat use. US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Keywords: Trochilidae

DeGraaf, R. M., and Rappole, J. H. (1995). Neotropical migratory birds: Natural history, distribution, and population change. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: VCHU; RUHU

DeGraaf, R. M., Tilghman, N. G., and Anderson, S. H. (1985). Foraging guilds of North American birds. Environmental Management 9(6):493-536.
Keywords: Trochilidae; VCHU; LUHU

Deignan, H. G. (1961). Type specimens of birds in the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 221:1-718.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Delattre, A. (1843). Oiseaux-mouches nouveaux ou pen conus, découverts au Guatimala, par M. A. Delattre. L’Écho du monde savant et l’Hermès 10(42):1068-1070.
Keywords: PCST

Delaunay, P. (1954). Un pharmacien de la marine et voyageur naturaliste: R.-P. Lesson: L. Rallet, Un naturaliste saintongeais, René Primevère Lesson, 1794-1849, in Annales de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de la Charente-Maritime, 1953. Revue d’histoire de la pharmacie 42(142):341-343.
Keywords: Trochilidae; Reference

Deliso, E. (2007). Climate change and the hummingbirds of the Monteverde Cloud Forest, Costa Rica. San José, CR: Centro Científico Tropical.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Demaree, S. R. (1970). Nest-building, incubation period, and fledging in the Black-chinned Hummingbird. Wilson Bulletin 82(2):225.
Keywords: BCHU ✅

Dennis, J. V. (1954). Meteorological analysis of occurrence of grounded migrants at Smith Point, Texas, April 17-May 17, 1951. Wilson Bulletin 66(2):102-111.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Dennis, J. V., and Tekulsky, M. (1991). How to attract hummingbirds & butterflies. Solaris Group, San Ramon, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Deppe, W. (1830). Preis-Verzeichniß der Säugethiere, Vögel, Amphibien, Fische und Krebse, welche von den Herren Deppe und Schiede in Mexico gesammelt worden, und bei dem unterzeichneten Bevollmächtigen in Berlin gegen baare Zahlung in Preuss. Courant zu erhalten sind. Berlin. Keywords: Trochilidae
Des Granges, J.-L. (1979). Organization of a tropical nectar feeding bird guild in a variable environment. Living Bird 17:199-236. Keywords: VCHU; PCST ❌
Des Granges, J.-L., and Grant, P. R. (1980). Migrant hummingbirds’ accommodation into tropical communities, pp. 395-409 in Keast, A., and Morton, E. S. (editors). Migrant birds in the neotropics: Ecology, behavior, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Keywords: VCHU; RUHU


des Lauriers, J. R. (1994). Hummingbirds eating ashes. Auk 111(3):755-756.
Keywords: ANHU; BTAH; BTHH; COHU; ALHU ✅

DeSante, D. F. (1986). A field test of the variable circular-plot censusing method in a Sierran subalpine forest habitat. Condor 88(2):129-142.
Keywords: Trochilidae


DeSante, D. F., and George, T. L. (1994). Population trends in the landbirds of western North America. Studies in Avian Biology 15:173-190.
Keywords: VCHU

Desprat, J. L., Lengagne, T., and Mondy, N. (2015). Article 5: Foraging behavior and testosterone: Supplemented males are better hunters. Animal Behaviour:104.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Deuel, B., and Parker, T. (1972). Costa’s Hummingbirds in Guadalupe Canyon. New Mexico Ornithological Society Field Notes 11:10. Keywords: COHU
Devlin, B., and Stephenson, A. (1987). Sexual variations among plants of a perfect-flowered species. American Naturalist 130(2):199-218.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Deyo, N. S., Van Devender, T. R., Smith, A., and Gilbert, E. (2013). Documenting the biodiversity of the Madrean Archipelago: An analysis of a virtual flora and fauna, pp. 292-299 in Gottfried, G. J., Ffolliott, P. F., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Collins, L. C. (editors). Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-67, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Dhondt, A. A. (2012). Interspecific competition in birds. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Diamond, A. W. (1973). Habitats and feeding stations of St. Lucia forest birds. Ibis 115(3):313-329.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Diamond, J. M., Karasov, W. H., Phan, D., and Carpenter, F. L. (1986). Digestive physiology is a determinant of foraging bout frequency in hummingbirds. Nature 320(6057):62-63.
Keywords: LUHU; ANHU

Díaz-Valenzuela, R. (2016). Historia natural, ecología, análisis de la interacción planta-colibrí en un paisaje mexicano, bajo dos aproximaciones teóricas: escalamiento en ecología y redes de interacciones complejas [Natural history, ecology, analysis of the plant-hummingbird interaction in a Mexican landscape, under two theoretical approaches: Scaling in ecology and networks of complex interactions]. Doctorales Tesis, Universitat d’Alacant-Universidad de Alicante.
Keywords: WEHU; LUHU; RIHU; BTAH; RUHU; BTHH; RTHU; CAHU; BBIH ✅


Díaz-Valenzuela, R., Lara-Rodriguez, N. Z., Ortiz-Pulido, R., González-García, F., and Bautista, A. R. (2011). Some aspects of the reproductive biology of the Mexican Sheartail (Doricha eliza) in central Veracruz. Condor 113(1):177-182.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Díaz-Valenzuela, R., and Ortiz-Pulido, R. (2011). Effects of a snowstorm event on the interactions between plants and hummingbirds: fast recovery of spatio-temporal patterns. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 82:1243-1248.
Keywords: LUHU

Dickey, D. R. (1915). The hummers in a foothill valley. Country Life in America 28(2):35-39.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Dickey, D. R., and van Rossem, A. J. (1938). The birds of El Salvador, vol. 23. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: Reference; PCST



Dick-Peddie, W. A., Moir, W. H., and Spellenberg, R. (2010). New Mexico vegetation: Past, present, and future. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Dickson, B. G., Fleishman, E., Dobkin, D. S., and Hurteau, S. R. (2009). Relationship between avifaunal occupancy and riparian vegetation in the central Great Basin (Nevada, USA). Restoration Ecology 17(5):722-730.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Diem, K. L., and Zeveloff, S. I. (1980). Ponderosa pine bird communities, pp. 170-197 in DeGraff, R. M., and Tilgham, N. G. (editors). Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds. General Technical Report INT-86. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: RIHU; BTAH; CAHU; BTHH ✅


Dimmitt, M. A. (2000). Biomes and communities of the Sonoran Desert region, pp. 3-18 in A natural history of the Sonoran Desert. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Dittmann, D. L., and Cardiff, S. W. (1999). Let’s take another look – Ruby-throated Hummingbird and its lookalikes. LOS News 188:32-35.
Keywords: RTHU; BCHU; CAHU; ANHU; COHU

Dittmann, D. L., and Cardiff, S. W. (2000). Let’s take another look – “rufous” hummingbirds. LOS News 189:4.
Keywords: RUHU; ALHU; BTAH; LUHU

Dittmann, D. L., and Cardiff, S. W. (2009). The alternate plumage of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Birding. September 2009:32-35-w15.
Keywords: RIHU; RTHU

Dittmann, D. L., and Demcheck, D. K. (2006). Contributions to our knowledge of molt in the Calliope Hummingbird. Birding 36(6):32-40.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Dixon, K. L. (1959). Ecological and distributional relations of desert scrub birds of western Texas. Condor 61(6):397-409.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Dixon, K. L. (1989). Contact zones of avian congeners on the southern Great Plains. Condor 91(1):15-22.
Keywords: BCHU


Dobkin, D. S. (1992). Neotropical migrant landbirds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains: A handbook for conservation and management. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Dobkin, D. S. (1994). Conservation and management of Neotropical migrant landbirds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. University of Idaho Press, Moscow, ID.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Donoghue, M. J. (1985). A critique of the biological species concept and recommendations for a phylogenetic alternative. Bryologist 88(3):172-181.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Dorst, R. (1962). Nouvelle recherches biologiques sur les Trochilidés des haut Andes péruviennes (Oreotrochilus estella). L’Oiseau et la Revue francaise d’ornithologie 32:95-126. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Doster, R. H., Scheiman, D., Floyd, E. P., Nichols, K., and Nichols, L. (2006). Documentation of the first known occurrence of the Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) in Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 60(1):177-178. Keywords: BBIH
Doucet, S. M., and Meadows, M. G. (2009). Iridescence: A functional perspective. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6(Suppl 2):S115-S132.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Drew, F. M. (1885). On the vertical range of birds in Colorado. Auk 2(1):11-18.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Drezner, T. D. (2014). The keystone saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae): A review of its ecology, associations, reproduction, limits, and demographics. Plant ecology 215(6):581-595.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Droege, S., and Sauer, J. R. (1990). North American Breeding Bird Survey Annual Summary, 1989. Laurel, MD: US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Migratory Bird Management.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Dubach, M. (1981). Quantitative analysis of the respiratory system of the house sparrow, budgerigar and violet-eared hummingbird. Respiration Physiology 46(1):43-60.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Dubois, A. D. (1938). Observations at a Rufous Hummingbird’s nest. Auk 55(4):629-641.
Keywords: RUHU


Dudash, M. R., Hassler, C., Stevens, P. M., and Fenster, C. B. (2011). Experimental floral and inflorescence trait manipulations affect pollinator preference and function in a hummingbird-pollinated plant. American Journal of Botany 98(2):275-282.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Duffield, W. J. (1972). Pollination Ecology of Castilleja in Mount Rainer National Park. Ohio Journal of Science 72(2):110-114.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Duncker, H. R., and Güntert, M. (1985). The quantitative design of the avian respiratory system—from hummingbird to mute swan, pp. 361-378 in Nachtigall, W. (editor) Bird Flight = Vogelflug. BIONA report 3, vol. 3. G. Fischer, Stuttgart.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Dunford, C., and Dunford, E. (1972). Interspecific aggression of resident Broad-tailed and migrant Rufous hummingbirds. Condor 74(4):479.
Keywords: BTAH; RUHU


Dunne, P. (2006). Pete Dunne’s essential field guide companion: A comprehensive resource for identifying North American birds. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Dunning, J. B. (2007). CRC Handbook of avian body masses, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Dyer, E. I. (1939). More observations on the nesting of the Allen Hummingbird. Condor 41(2):62-67.
Keywords: ALHU


Dykeman Roebuck Archaeology (2017). Vegetation notes. Keywords: Trochilidae; Biota
Eames, E. H. (1890). Food and habits of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Auk 7(3):286-288.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Earnst, S. L., Ballard, J. A., and Dobkin, D. S. (2004). Riparian songbird abundance a decade after cattle removal on Hart Mountain and Sheldon National Wildlife Refuges. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-191.
Keywords: BTAH; CAHU; RUHU ✅

Eberhard, J. R., and Ewald, P. W. (1994). Food availability, intrusion pressure and territory size: An experimental study of Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34(1):11-18. Keywords: ANHU
Edgarton, H. E., Niedrach, R. J., and van Riper, W. (1951). Freezing the flight of hummingbirds. National Geographic 100(2):245-261. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Edwards, E. P. (1972). A field guide to the birds of Mexico. E. P. Edwards, Sweet Briar, VA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Edwards, E. P. (1982). Hummingbirds feeding on an excretion produced by scale insects. Condor 84(1):122.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Edwards, E. P., and Lea, R. B. (1955). Birds of the Monserrate Area, Chiapas, México. Condor 57(1):31-54.
Keywords: VCHU; PCST; RIHU; WEHU; RTHU ✅

Edwards, E. P., and Tashian, R. E. (1959). Avifauna of the Catemaco basin of southern Veracruz, Mexico. Condor 61(5):325-337.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Edwards, H. A. (1919). Losses suffered by breeding birds in southern California. Condor 21(2):65-68.
Keywords: COHU; BCHU; ANHU ✅


Eguiarte, L. E., and Búrquez, A. (1987). Reproductive ecology of Manfreda brachystachya, an iteroparous species of Agavaceae. Southwestern Naturalist 32(2):169-178.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Eguiarte, L. E., and Búrquez, A. (1988). Reducción en la fecundidad en Manfreda brachystachya (Cav.) Rose, una agavácea polinizada por murciélagos: Los riesgos de la especialización en la polinización. Boletin de la Sociedad Botánica de México 48:147-149.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Eguiarte, L. E., del Rio, C. M., and Arita, H. (1987). El nectar y el polen como recursos: el papel ecologico de los visitantes a las flores de Pseudobombax ellipticum (HBK) Dugand. Biotropica 19(1):74-82.
Keywords: VCHU

Ehrlich, P. R., and Daily, G. C. (1988). Red-naped sapsuckers feeding at willows: Possible keystone herbivores. American Birds 42(3):357-365.
Keywords: RUHU; BTAH ✅

Eisenmann, E. (1955). The species of Middle American birds: a list of all species recorded from Mexico to Panama, with suggested English names, outlines of range, and a distributional bibliography, Volume 7, vol. 7. Linnaean Society of New York, New York.
Keywords: BBIH; WEHU; BEHU; VCHU; RIHU; PCST; LUHU; RTHU; BCHU; ANHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU; BTHH; COHU; Trochilidae ✅


Eisner, E. (1960). The relationship of hormones to the reproductive behaviour of birds, referring especially to parental behaviour: A review. Animal Behaviour 8(3):155-179.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Elgar, R. J. (1980). Observations on the display of the Blue-tailed Emerald. Avicultural Magazine 86:147-150. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Elliot, D. G. (1869). The new and heretofore unfigured species of the birds of North America, vol. 1. D.G.Elliot, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; CAHU ✅



Elliot, D. G. (1869). The new and heretofore unfigured species of the birds of North America, vol. 2. D.G.Elliot, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference ❎



Elliot, D. G. (1872). The hummingbirds of the West Indies. Ibis ser.3:2(8):345-357.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1874). Description of an apparently new species of bird belonging to the family Trochilidæ, of the genusEucephala. Ibis ser.3:4(13):87-89.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1874). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genus Helianthea. Ibis ser.3:4(16):330-335.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1874). Remarks on some typical specimens of the Trochilidæ, with a description of one new genus. Ibis ser.3:4(15):261-264.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1875). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genera Chlorostilbon and Panychlora. Ibis ser.3:5(18):149-172.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1876). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genera Cyanomyia and Heliotrypha. Ibis ser.3:6(23):311-319.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1876). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genera Heliothrix, Calliflox, Catharma, and Petasophora. Ibis ser.3:6(24):394-407.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1876). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genus Lampropygia. Ibis ser.3:6(21):54-60.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1876). Remarks on some type specimens of Trochilidæ from the museums of Neuchâtel and Florence. Ibis ser.3:6(21):5-11.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Elliot, D. G. (1877). Remarks on Selasphorus alleni, Henshaw. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 2(4):97-102.
Keywords: RUHU; ALHU ✅

Elliot, D. G. (1877). Review of the specimens of Trochilidæ in the Paris Museum, brought by D’Orbigny from South America. Ibis 19(2):133-142.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Elliot, D. G. (1878). A classification and synopsis of the Trochilidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 317.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTHH; RIHU; RTHU; BCHU; COHU; ANHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU; LUHU; VCHU; BEHU; WEHU; BBIH ✅

Elliot, D. G. (1878). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genus Thaumatias. Ibis ser.4:2(5):35-53.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Ellis, D. H., Ellis, C. H., Sabo, B. A., Rea, A. M., Dawson, J., Fackler, J. K., Larue, C. T., Grubb, T. G., Schmitt, J., and Smith, D. G. (2004). Summer diet of the Peregrine Falcon in faunistically rich and poor zones of Arizona analyzed with capture-recapture modeling. Condor 106(4):873-886.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH ✅


Ellison, W. G. (2010). Second Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Maryland and the District of Columbia. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
Keywords: RTHU

Elliston, E. P. (1995). Security behavior in Black-chinned Hummingbird mothers and nestlings. Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation 18(2):3-4.
Keywords: BCHU ✅

Elliston, E. P., and Baltosser, W. H. (1995). Sex ratios and bill growth in nestling Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Western Birds 26(2):76-81.
Keywords: BCHU ✅

Elting, R. L., and Powers, D. R. (2016). How much can hummingbirds increase nectar consumption during extreme energetic demand?. Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.
Keywords: BTHH; RIHU; BCHU; BBIH ❎


Ely, C. A. (1960). The avifauna of southeastern Coahuila, México. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.
Keywords: LUHU; RIHU; WEHU; BTHH; BCHU; RTHU; BTAH ✅


Ely, C. A. (1962). The birds of southeastern Coahuila, Mexico. Condor 64(1):34-39.
Keywords: LUHU; RIHU; WEHU; BTAH ✅


Emerson, W. O. (1882). Notes from California. Ornithologist and Oölogist 7(18):139.
Keywords: ANHU ❎

Emerson, W. O. (1901). Capture of a Floresi’s Hummingbird at Haywards, California. Condor 3(3):58.
Keywords: ALHU; ANHU ✅

Emlen, J. T. (1974). An urban bird community in Tucson, Arizona: Derivation, structure, regulation. Condor 76(2):184-197.
Keywords: BCHU ✅


Emlen, J. T. (1979). Land bird densities on Baja California islands. Auk 96(1):152-167.
Keywords: COHU ✅

Emms, S. K., and Arnold, M. L. (2000). Site-to-site differences in pollinator visitation patterns in a Louisiana iris hybrid zone. Oikos 91(3):568-578.
Keywords: Trochilidae

English, T. S. (1928). A diary of the nesting of Microlyssa exilis, the Crested Hummingbird of Montserrat, West Indies. Ibis 70(1):13-16.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Environmental Services (2017). Population size estimation of breeding Red-faced and Grace’s Warblers in pine woodlands of New Mexico: 2016 Report . Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH; RUHU ❎

Epting, R. J. (1980). Functional dependence of the power for hovering on wing disc loading in hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 53(4):347-357.
Keywords: ANHU

Epting, R. J., and Casey, T. M. (1973). Power output and wing disc loading in hovering hummingbirds. American Naturalist 107(958):761-765.
Keywords: RIHU

Escalante-Pliego, B. P., and Peterson, A. T. (1992). Geographic variation and species limits in Middle American wood-nymphs (Thalurania). Wilson Bulletin 104(2):205-219.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Escobar-Ibáñez, J. F., and MacGregor-Fors, I. (2016). Peeking into the past to plan the future: Assessing bird species richness in a neotropical city. Urban ecosystems 19(2):657-667.
Keywords: BEHU

Evangelista, D., Fernández, M. J., Berns, M. S., Hoover, A., and Dudley, R. (2010). Hovering energetics and thermal balance in Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 83(3):406-413.
Keywords: ANHU

Ewald, P. W. (1980). Energetics of resource defense: An experimental approach. Proceedings of the Acta XVII Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Berlin.
Keywords: ANHU

Ewald, P. W. (1985). Influence of asymmetries in resource quality and age on aggression and dominance in Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Animal Behaviour 33(3):705-719.
Keywords: BCHU

Ewald, P. W., and Bransfield, R. J. (1987). Territory quality and territorial behavior in two sympatric species of hummingbirds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 20(4):285-293.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU

Ewald, P. W., and Carpenter, F. L. (1978). Territorial responses to energy manipulations in the Anna Hummingbird. Oecologia 31(3):277-292.
Keywords: ANHU

Ewald, P. W., and Orians, G. H. (1983). Effects of resource depression on use of inexpensive and escalated aggressive behavior: Experimental tests using Anna Hummingbirds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12(2):95-101.
Keywords: ANHU

Ewald, P. W., and Rohwer, S. (1980). Age, coloration and dominance in nonbreeding hummingbirds: A test of the asymmetry hypothesis. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7(4):273-279.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU

Ewald, P. W., and Williams, W. A. (1982). Function of the bill and tongue in nectar uptake by hummingbirds. Auk 99(3):573-576.
Keywords: Trochilidae; ANHU ✅

Faaborg, J. (2005). Review: Partners in Flight North American Landbird Conservation Plan. Auk 122(1):373-375.
Keywords: Trochilidae; Reference ❎


Fægri, K., and van der Pijl, L. (1979). Principles of pollination ecology. Pergamon, Oxford, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Fagan, J., and Komar, O. (2016). Peterson field guide to birds of northern Central America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BCWO

Farner, D. S. (1964). The photoperiodic control of reproductive cycles in birds. American Scientist 52(1):137-156. Keywords: Trochilidae
Federal Geographic Data Committee (2008). National vegetation classification standard, version 2. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey FGDC-STD-005-2008 (Version 2)
Keywords: Biota ✅

Feinsinger, P. (1976). Organization of a tropical guild of nectarivorous birds. Ecological Monographs 46(3):257-291.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Feinsinger, P. (1977). Notes on the hummingbirds of Monteverde, Cordillera de Tilaran, Costa Rica. Wilson Bulletin 89(1):159-164.
Keywords: Trochilidae; PCST; RTHU ✅

Feinsinger, P. (1978). Ecological interactions between plants and hummingbirds in a successional tropical community. Ecological Monographs 48(3):269-287.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Feinsinger, P. (1980). Asynchronous migration patterns and the coexistence of tropical hummingbirds, pp. 411-419 in Keast, A., and Morton, E. S. (editors). Migrant birds in the neotropics: Ecology, behavior, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Keywords: RIHU


Feinsinger, P. (1983). Coevolution and pollination, pp. 282-310 in Futuyma, D. J., and Slatkin, M. (editors). Coevolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Feinsinger, P., Beach, J. H., Linhart, Y. B., Busby, W. H., and Murray, K. G. (1987). Disturbance, pollinator predictability, and pollination success among Costa Rican cloud forest plants. Ecology 68(5):1294-1305.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Feinsinger, P., Busby, W. H., Murray, K. G., Beach, J. H., Pounds, W. Z., and Linhart, Y. B. (1988). Mixed support for spatial heterogeneity in species interactions: Hummingbirds in a tropical disturbance mosaic. American Naturalist 131(1):33-57.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RIHU ❎


Feinsinger, P., and Chaplin, S. B. (1975). On the relationship between wing disc loading and foraging strategy in hummingbirds. American Naturalist 109(966):217-224.
Keywords: RIHU

Feinsinger, P., and Colwell, R. K. (1978). Community organization among neotropical nectar-feeding birds. American Zoologist 18(4):779-795.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Feinsinger, P., Colwell, R. K., Terborgh, J., and Chaplin, S. B. (1979). Elevation and the morphology, flight energetics, and foraging ecology of tropical hummingbirds. American Naturalist 113(4):481-497.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Feinsinger, P., Spears, E. E., and Poole, R. W. (1981). A simple measure of niche breadth. Ecology 62(1):27-32.
Keywords: Reference ❎

Feinsinger, P., and Swarm, L. A. (1982). Ecological release, seasonal variation in food supply, and the hummingbird Amazilia tobaci on Trinidad and Tobago. Ecology 63(5):1574-1587.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Feinsinger, P., Swarm, L. A., and Wolfe, J. A. (1985). Nectar-feeding birds on Trinidad and Tobago: Comparison of diverse and depauperate guilds. Ecological Monographs 55(1):1-28.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Feinsinger, P., Swarm, L. A., and Wolfe, J. A. (1985). Nectar-feeding birds on Trinidad and Tobago: Comparison of diverse and depauperate guilds. Ecological Monographs 55(1):1-28.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Feinsinger, P., Wolfe, J. A., and Swarm, L. A. (1982). Island ecology: Reduced hummingbird diversity and the pollination biology of plants, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Ecology 63(2):494-506.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Feldman, R. E., and McGill, B. J. (2009). PS 40-176: Spatial variation in nectar production across the Southwest USA and its relationship to hummingbird distribution. Proceedings of the 94th ESA Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BCHU; BTAH ❎

Feldman, R. E., and McGill, B. J. (2013). How competitive trade-offs limit elevation ranges for temperate-breeding hummingbirds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 91(10):717-725.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Feldman, R. E., and McGill, B. J. (2014). How important is nectar in shaping spatial variation in the abundance of temperate breeding hummingbirds? Journal of Biogeography 41(3):489-500.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Felger, R. S., and Johnson, M. B. (1995). The Trees of the Madrean-Apachian region of southwestern North America, pp. 71-83 in DeBano, L. F., Ffolliott, P. F., Ortega-Rubio, A., Gottfried, G. J., Hamre, R. H., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, General Technical Report RM-GTR-264. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota



Felger, R. S., Johnson, M. B., and Wilson, M. F. (2001). The trees of Sonora, Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Biota

Felger, R. S., Nabhan, G., and Bye, R. (1997). The Apachian/Madrean region of southwestern North America and U.S.A, pp. 172-180 in Davis, S. D., and Heywood, V. H. (editors). Centres for Plant Diversity: A guide and strategy for their conservation, Vol. III, The Americas. International Union for Conservation of Nature & World Wide Fund for Nature, Cambridge, UK.
Keywords: Biota

Felger, R. S., and Wilson, M. F. (1995). Northern Sierra Madre Occidental and its Apachian outliers: A neglected center of biodiversity, pp. 36-59 in DeBano, L. F., Ffolliott, P. F., Ortega-Rubio, A., Gottfried, G. J., Hamre, R. H., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, General Technical Report RM-GTR-264. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota ✅



Felley, D. L., and Sogge, M. K. (2005). Annotated species list of birds of the Colorado River corridor in the Grand Canyon: 1993-1995, pp. 193-220 in Van Riper, C., III, and Mattson, D. J. (editors). The Colorado Plateau II: Biophysical, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Research. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Fellows, T. K. (2015). Visual resolution of Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna) in space and time. M.S. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
Keywords: ANHU

Fenster, C. B. (1991). Selection on floral morphology by hummingbirds. Biotropica 23(1):98-101.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Fenster, C. B., Cheely, G., Dudash, M. R., and Reynolds, R. J. (2006). Nectar reward and advertisement in hummingbird-pollinated Silene virginica (Caryophyllaceae). American Journal of Botany 93(12):1800-1807.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RTHU ❎


Fenster, C. B., and Dudash, M. R. (2001). Spatiotemporal variation in the role of hummingbirds as pollinators of Silene virginica. Ecology 82(3):844-851.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RTHU ❎


Feo, T. J., and Clark, C. J. (2010). The displays and sonations of the Black-chinned Hummingbird (Trochilidae: Archilochus alexandri). Auk 127(4):787-796.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BCHU


Feo, T. J., Musser, J. M., Berv, J., and Clark, C. J. (2014). Divergence in morphology, calls, song, mechanical sounds, and genetics supports species status for the Inaguan hummingbird (Trochilidae: Calliphlox “evelynae” lyrura). Auk 132(1):248-264.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Ferguson, G. M., Flesch, A. D., and Van Devender, T. R. (2013). Biogeography and diversity of pines in the Madrean Archipelago, pp. 197-203 in Gottfried, G. J., Ffolliott, P. F., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Collins, L. C. (editors). Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-67, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Feria, T. P. (2007). Understanding the geographic distribution of species: An evaluation of different methods for modeling species distributions and a test of the niche characteristics hypotheses. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ffolliott, P. F., and Gottfried, G. J. (2005). Vegetative characteristics of oak savannas in the southwestern United States: A comparative analysis with oak woodlands in the region, pp. 399-402 in Gottfried, G. J., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago II. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-36, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Ficken, M. S., Rusch, K. M., Taylor, S. J., and Powers, D. R. (2000). Blue-throated Hummingbird song: A pinnacle of nonoscine vocalizations. Auk 117(1):120-128.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Ficken, M. S., Rusch, K. M., Taylor, S. J., and Powers, D. R. (2002). Reproductive behavior and communication in Blue-throated Hummingbirds. Wilson Bulletin 114(2):197-209.
Keywords: BTHH


Field Museum of Natural History (2008). Birds Collection Database. Keywords: Reference ✅
Finch, D. M. (1989). Habitat use and habitat overlap of riparian birds in three elevational zones. Ecology 70(4):866-880.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Finch, D. M. (1989). Species abundances, guild dominance patterns, and community structure of breeding riparian birds, pp. 629-645 in Sharitz, R. R., and Gibbons, J. W. (editors). Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife, CONF-8603101, DOE Symposium Series No. 61. USDOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Oak Ridge, TN.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Finch, D. M. (1991). Positive associations among riparian bird species correspond to elevational changes in plant communities. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69(4):951-963.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Finch, D. M., and Kelly, J. (2002). Nest site selection in native and exotic trees by Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Proceedings of the 23rd International Ornithological Congress, Beijing, China.
Keywords: BCHU


Finch, D. M., Wolters, G. L., Yong, W., and Mund, M. J. (1995). Plants, arthropods, and birds of the Rio Grande, pp. 133-164 in Finch, D. M., and Tainter, J. A. (editors). Ecology, diversity, and sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, General Technical Report RM-GTR-268. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Finlay, J. C. (2007). Nine years of banding and recapture of hummingbirds in southern British Columbia. British Columbia Birds 15:9-23.
Keywords: RUHU; CAHU; ANHU; BCHU ✅

Fisher, A. K. (1893). Report on the ornithology of the Death Valley expedition of 1891, comprising notes on the birds observed in southern California, southern Nevada, and parts of Arizona and Utah. North American Fauna 7:1-158.
Keywords: COHU; BCHU; ANHU; BTAH; RUHU; CAHU ✅


Fisher, A. K. (1894). The capture of Basilinna leucotis in southern Arizona. Auk 11(4):325-326.
Keywords: WEHU

Fisher, A. K. (1903). A partial list of the birds of Keam Cañon, Arizona. Condor 5(2):33-36.
Keywords: BCHU


Fisher, A. K. (1904). Review: Swarth’s birds of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Condor 6(3).
Keywords: ANHU

Fitzpatrick, A. (1966). My friend Rufous. Florida Naturalist 39:35-38, 54. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Fitzpatrick, J. W., Willard, D. E., and Terborgh, J. W. (1979). A new species of hummingbird from Peru. Wilson Bulletin 91(2):177-186.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Flaspohler, D., and Grosshuesch, D. (1996). Ruby-throated Hummingbirds observed following Yellow-bellied Sapsucker: Evidence for keystone bird species in northern hardwood forests. Passenger Pigeon 58(3):237-240.
Keywords: RTHU

Fleischner, T. L., and Riegner, M. (1993). Winter birds of Bahía Kino, central Gulf of California coast, Sonora, Mexico. Ecológica 3(1):29-34.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Fleming, P. A., Bakken, B. H., Lotz, C. N., and Nicolson, S. W. (2004). Concentration and temperature effects on sugar intake and preferences in a sunbird and a hummingbird. Functional Ecology 18(2):223-232.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Fleming, P. A., Xie, S., Napier, K., McWhorter, T. J., and Nicolson, S. W. (2008). Nectar concentration affects sugar preferences in two Australian honeyeaters and a lorikeet. Functional Ecology 22(4):599-605.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Fleming, R. L., and Baker, R. H. (1963). Notes on the birds of Durango, Mexico. Publications of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological Series 2:273-304. Keywords: Trochilidae
Fleming, T. H. (1992). How do fruit- and nectar-feeding birds and mammals track their food resources?, pp. 355-391 in Hunter, M. D., Ohgushi, T., and Price, P. W. (editors). Effects of resource distribution on animal–plant interactions. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Fleming, T. H., Sahley, C. T., Holland, J. N., Nason, J. D., and Hamrick, J. L. (2001). Sonoran Desert columnar cacti and the evolution of generalized pollination systems. Ecological Monographs 71(4):511-530.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Fleming, T. H., Tuttle, M. D., and Horner, M. A. (1996). Pollination biology and the relative importance of nocturnal and diurnal pollinators in three species of Sonoran Desert columnar cacti. Southwestern Naturalist 41(3):257-269. Keywords: Trochilidae
Flesch, A. D. (1998). 1998 Avian community monitoring along Arivaca Creek, Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge. R2-8-0854
Keywords: Trochilidae

Flesch, A. D. (2008). Distribution and status of breeding birds in northern Sonora, Mexico. Studies in Avian Biology 37:28-45.
Keywords: BBIH; VCHU; BTHH; RIHU; BCHU; ANHU; COHU; BTAH ✅

Flesch, A. D. (2008). Distribution and status of breeding landbirds in northern Sonora Mexico. Studies in Avian Biology 37:28-45.
Keywords: LUHU

Flesch, A. D. (2010). Avian communities of the Northern Jaguar Reserve, East-central Sonora, Mexico.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Flesch, A. D. (2014). Distribution, abundance, habitat, and biogeography of breeding birds in the Sky Islands and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental of northwest Mexico. National Park Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Flesch, A. D., and Hahn, L. A. (2005). Distribution of birds and plants at the western and southern edges of the Madrean Sky Islands in Sonora, Mexico, pp. 80-87 in Gottfried, G. J., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago II. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-36, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota; Trochilidae


Flesch, A. D., Hutto, R., Morris, C., Hare, T., and Avila, S. (2014). Restoration of priority habitats for neotropical migratory birds in the Madrean Sky Islands region, northwest Mexico. NMBCA grant 5139 – MT-N911.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Flesch, A. D., Sánchez, C. G., and Amarillas, J. V. (2016). Abundance and habitat relationships of breeding birds in the Sky Islands and adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental of northwest Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology 87(2):176-195.
Keywords: BBIH; BTAH


Flesch, A. D., Warshall, P., and Hadley, D. (2009). Breeding, migratory, and wintering birds of the Northern Jaguar Reserve east-central Sonora, Mexico. Tucson, AZ: Northern Jaguar Project.
Keywords: VCHU

Flesch, A. D., Warshall, P., and Jacobs, S. (2015). Avian richness, status, and conservation in the northwestern Neotropics in Sonora, Mexico. Natural Areas Journal 35(2):288-296.
Keywords: BEHU

Flores-Abreu, I. N., Hurly, T. A., and Healy, S. D. (2013). Three-dimensional spatial learning in hummingbirds. Animal Behaviour 85(3):579-584.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU

Flores-Villela, O. A., and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (1993). Un análisis de los vertebrados terrestres endémicos de Mesoamérica en México [An analysis of the endemic terrestrial vertebrates of Mesoamerica in Mexico]. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural 46:387-395.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Floyd, C. B. (1937). Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) in cold weather. Bird Banding 8(2):79.
Keywords: RTHU

Fogden, M., Taylor, M., and Williamson, S. L. (2014). Hummingbirds: A life-size guide to every species. Harper Design, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Fogden, M. P. L., and Fogden, P. (2006). Hummingbirds of Costa Rica. [Colibríes de Costa Rica]. Firefly Books, Buffalo, NY.
Keywords: PCST

Fontaine, J., and Dinsmore, S. J. (2002). First record of Costa’s Hummingbird (Calypte costae) for Colorado. Colorado Field Ornithologists 36(2):55-59.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Forbush, E. H. (1925). Birds of Massachusetts and other New England states: Land birds from bob whites to grackles, vol. 2. Berwick and Smith Company, Norwood, MA.
Keywords: Reference; RTHU



Forcey, J. M. (2002). Notes on the birds of central Oaxaca, part II: Columbidae to Vireonidae. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 3(1):14-27.
Keywords: BEHU

Forcey, J. M. (2002). Notes on the birds of central Oaxaca, part III: Hirundinidae to Fringillidae. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 3(2):43-55.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Forcey, J. M., and Aragón, R. (2009). Notas sobre las aves de Oaxaca [Notes on Oaxacan birds]. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 10(2):38-47.
Keywords: BEHU

Foster, W. L., and Tate, J. (1966). The activities and coactions of animals at sapsucker sap trees. Living Bird 5:87-113. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Fowler, S. P. (1859). Ornithology of the United States, its past and present history. Proceedings of the Essex Institute 2:327-334.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Fox, R. P. (1954). Plumages and territorial behavior of the Lucifer Hummingbird in the Chisos Mountains, Texas. Auk 71(4):465-466.
Keywords: LUHU

Fraga, R. M. (1989). Interactions between nectarivorous birds and the flowers of Aphelandra sinclairiana in Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5(1):19-26.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Francis, C. D., Ortega, C. P., and Hansen, J. (2011). Importance of juniper to birds nesting in piñon—juniper woodlands in northwest New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management 75(7):1574-1580.

Franzreb, K. E., and Ohmart, R. D. (1978). The effects of timber harvesting on breeding birds in a mixed-coniferous forest. Condor 80(4):431-441.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Fraterrigo, J. M., and Wiens, J. A. (2005). Bird communities of the Colorado Rocky Mountains along a gradient of exurban development. Landscape and Urban Planning 71(2-4):263-275.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Frederick, T. M. (1996). Patterns of habitat use by birds and lizards in urban river corridors of Tucson, Arizona. M.S. thesis, The University of Arizona., Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Freeman, C., and Dick-Peddie, W. (1970). Woody riparian vegetation in the Black and Sacramento Mountain ranges, southern New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 15(2):145-164.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Freeman, C. E., Reid, W. H., and Becvar, J. E. (1983). Nectar sugar composition in some species of Agave (Agavaceae). Madrono 30(3):153-158. Keywords: LUHU
Freeman, C. E., Reid, W. H., Becvar, J. E., and Scogin, R. (1984). Similarity and apparent convergence in the nectar-sugar composition of some hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Botanical Gazette 145(1):132-135.
Keywords: LUHU

Freeman, C. E., and Worthington, R. D. (1985). Some floral nectar-sugar compositions of species from southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Madrono 32(2):78-86. Keywords: Trochilidae ✅
Freer, R. S., and Murray, J. J. (1935). The Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker and the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird—Commensals? Auk 52(2):187-188.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Frey, J. K. (2008). New distributional records of the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in western New Mexico and evidence for its extirpation from the Zuni Mountains. Western North American Naturalist 68(4):530-535.
Keywords: RUHU; CAHU ❎


Friedmann, H. (1929). The cowbirds: A study in the biology of social parasitism, vol. 233. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.
Keywords: RTHU

Friedmann, H. (1963). Host relations of the parasitic cowbirds. United States National Museum Bulletin 233. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; RTHU ✅


Friedmann, H., Griscom, L., and Moore, R. T. (1950). Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico. Part I. Pacific Coast Avifauna(29):1-202.
Keywords: VCHU; BBIH; WEHU; BEHU; BTHH; RIHU; PCST; LUHU; RTHU; BCHU; ANHU; COHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU ✅

Friggens, M. M., Finch, D. M., Bagne, K. E., Coe, S. J., and Hawksworth, D. L. (2013). Vulnerability of species to climate change in the Southwest: Terrestrial species of the Middle Rio Grande. Ft. Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-306.
Keywords: BCHU ✅


Fulé, P. Z., and Covington, W. W. (1994). Fire-regime disruption and pine-oak forest structure in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico. Restoration Ecology 2(4):261-272.
Keywords: Biota

Gabrielson, I. N., and Jewett, S. G. (1970). Birds of the Pacific Northwest, with special reference to Oregon. Dover Publications, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gabrielson, I. N., and Jewitt, S. G. (1940). Birds of Oregon. Oregon State College, Corvallis, OR.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Gabrielson, I. N., and Lincoln, F. C. (1959). The birds of Alaska. Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, PA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Gadow, H. (1882). On the colour of feathers as affected by their structure. Journal of Zoology 50(3):409-422.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gahr, M. (2000). Neural song control system of hummingbirds: comparison to swifts, vocal learning (songbirds) and nonlearning (suboscines) passerines, and vocal learning (budgerigars) and nonlearning (dove, owl, gull, quail, chicken) nonpasserines. Journal of Comparative Neurology 426(2):182-196.
Keywords: ANHU

Gaines, D. (1992). Birds of Yosemite and the east slope. Artemisia Press, Lee Vining, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gaines, W. L., Lyons, A. L., Lehmkuhl, J. F., Haggard, M., Begley, J. S., and Farrell, M. (2009). Avian community composition, nesting ecology, and cavity-nester foraging ecology, pp. 109-142 in Agee, J. K., and Lehmkuhl, J. F. (editors). Dry Forests of the Northeastern Cascades Fire and Fire Surrogate Project Site, Mission Creek, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, vol. Research Paper PNW-RP-577. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Gamboa, G. J. (1977). Predation on Rufous Hummingbird by Wied’s Crested Flycatcher. Auk 94(1):157-158.
Keywords: RUHU ✅

Gamper, H. A., and Koptur, S. (2010). Honeydew foraging by birds in tropical montane forests and pastures of Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 26(3):335-341.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gander, F. F. (1927). The fly-catching habits of the Anna Hummingbird. Condor 29(3):171.
Keywords: ANHU ✅

Gander, F. F. (1928). Observations on the feeding habits of some common birds. Condor 30(6):362-363.
Keywords: ANHU ✅

Ganey, J. L., and Block, W. M. (1995). Effects of fire on birds in Madrean forests and woodlands, pp. 146-154 in Ffolliott, P. F., DeBano, L. F., Baker, M. B., Gottfried, G. J., Solis-Garza, G., Edminster, C. B., Neary, D. G., Allen, L. S., and Hamre, R. H. (editors). Effects of fire on Madrean Province ecosystems: A symposium proceedings. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-GTR-289, Fort Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Garcia, S., Finch, D. M., and León, G. C. (1998). Patterns of forest use and endemism in resident bird communities of north-central Michoácan, México. Forest Ecology and Management 110(1):151-171.
Keywords: Trochilidae

García-Deras, G. M., Cortés-Rodríguez, N., Honey, M., Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., García-Moreno, J., and Hernández-Baños, B. E. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cynanthus (Aves: Trochilidae), with emphasis on C. doubledayi. Zootaxa 1742:61-68.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BBIH ✅

García-Moreno, J., Cortés, N., García-Deras, G. M., and Hernández-Baños, B. E. (2006). Local origin and diversification among Lampornis hummingbirds: A Mesoamerican taxon. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38(2):488-498.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gardner, P. A., Stevens, R., and Howe, F. P. (1999). A handbook of riparian restoration and revegetation for the conservation of land birds in Utah with emphasis of habitat types in middle and lower elevations. State of Utah, Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources. Publication Number 99-38.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Garrett, K., and Dunn, J. L. (1981). Birds of southern California: Status and distribution. Los Angeles Audubon Society, Los Angeles, CA.
Keywords: COHU

Gass, C. L. (1974). Feeding territoriality in postbreeding migratory Rufous Hummingbirds. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.
Keywords: RUHU ❓

Gass, C. L. (1978). Rufous hummingbird feeding territoriality in a suboptimal habitat. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56(7):1535-1539.
Keywords: RUHU

Gass, C. L. (1979). Territory regulation, tenure, and migration in Rufous Hummingbirds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57(4):914-923.
Keywords: RUHU


Gass, C. L., Angehr, G., and Centa, J. (1976). Regulation of food supply by feeding territoriality in the Rufous Hummingbird. Canadian Journal of Zoology 54(12):2046-2054.
Keywords: RUHU


Gass, C. L., and Lertzman, K. P. (1980). Capricious mountain weather: A driving variable in hummingbird territorial dynamics. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58(11):1964-1968.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Gass, C. L., and Montgomerie, R. D. (1981). Hummingbird foraging behavior: Decision-making and energy regulation, pp. 159-194 in Kamil, A. C., and Sargent, T. D. (editors). Foraging behavior: Ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches. Garland Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gass, C. L., and Roberts, W. M. (1992). The problem of temporal scale in optimization: three contrasting views of hummingbird visits to flowers. The American Naturalist 140(5):829-853.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gass, C. L., Romich, M. T., and Suarez, R. K. (1999). Energetics of hummingbird foraging at low ambient temperature. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77(2):314-320.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gass, C. L., and Sutherland, G. D. (1985). Specialization by territorial hummingbirds on experimentally enriched patches of flowers: Energetic profitability and learning. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(9):2125-2133.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Gaunt, S. L. L., Baptista, L. F., Sánchez, J. E., and Hernandez, D. (1994). Song learning as evidenced from song sharing in two hummingbird species (Colibri coruscans and C. thalassinus). Auk 111(1):87-103.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr. (1978). The ecological significance of behavioral dominance, pp. 17-54 in Bateson, P. P. G., and Klopfer, P. H. (editors). Perspectives in ethology, vol. 3: Social behavior. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gehlbach, F. R. (1981). Mountain islands and desert seas: A natural history of the U.S.-Mexican borderlands. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, TX.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Gehlbach, F. R. (1995). Biogeographic controls of avifaunal richness in isolated coniferous forests of the US-Mexican borderlands, pp. 135-150 in Istock, C. A., and Hoffman, R. S. (editors). Storm over a mountain island. Conservation biology and the Mt. Graham affair.. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gehlbach, F. R., Dillon, D. O., Harrell, H. L., Kennedy, S. E., and Wilson, K. R. (1976). Avifauna of the Rio Corona, Tamaulipas, Mexico: Northeastern limit of the tropics. Auk 93(1):53-65.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Geiser, F., Currie, S. E., O’Shea, K. A., and Hiebert, S. M. (2014). Torpor and hypothermia: Reversed hysteresis of metabolic rate and body temperature. American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307(11):R1324-R1329.
Keywords: Trochilidae


George, M. W. (1980). Hummingbird foraging behavior at Malvaviscus arboreus var. Drummondii. Auk 97(4):790-794.
Keywords: BCHU

George, T. L. (1987). Greater land bird densities on island vs. mainland: relation to nest predation level. Ecology 68(5):1393-1400.
Keywords: Trochilidae


George, T. L. (1987). Nesting phenology of landbirds in Baja California. Condor 89(4):920-923.
Keywords: COHU


Gerwin, J. A., and Zink, R. M. (1998). Phylogenetic patterns in the Trochilidae. Auk 115(1):105-118.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Giebel, C. (1877). Thesaurus ornithologiae : Repertorium der gesammten ornithologischen Literatur und Nomenclator sämmtlicher Gattungen und Arten der Vögel, nebst Synonymen und geographischer Verbreitung (Vol. III), vol. III. Brockhaus, Leipzeg.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Gill, F. B. (1978). Proximate costs of competition for nectar. American Zoologist 18(4):753-763.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Gill, F. B., Mack, A. L., and Ray, R. T. (1982). Competition between hermit hummingbirds Phaethorninae and insects for nectar in a Costa Rican rain forest. Ibis 124(1):44-49.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Gillespie, T. W. (2000). Rarity and conservation of forest birds in the tropical dry forest region of Central America. Biological Conservation 96(2):161-168.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gilligan, J. (1994). Birds of Oregon: Status and distribution. Cinclus Publications, McMinnville, OR.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gillihan, S. W. (2006). Sharing the land with pinyon-juniper birds. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT.
Keywords: BCHU


Gilman, M. F. (1908). Birds on the Navajo reservation in New Mexico. Condor 10(4):146-152.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Giraldeau, L.-A., and Ydenberg, R. (1987). The center-edge effect: the result of a war of attrition between territorial contestants? Auk 104(3):535-538.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Gmelin, J. F., and von Linné, C. (1788). Systema naturæ: per Regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonomis, locis. Lipsiae :impensis Georg. Emanuel. Beer,1788-93.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Godfrey, W. E., and Crosby, J. A. (1986). The birds of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, ON.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Goertz, J. W., Morris, A. S., and Morris, S. M. (1980). Ruby-throated Hummingbirds feed at night with the aid of artificial light. Wilson Bulletin 92(3):398-399.
Keywords: RTHU

Goldberg, T. L., and Ewald, P. W. (1991). Territorial song in the Anna’s Hummingbird, Calypte anna: Costs of attraction and benefits of deterrence. Animal Behaviour 42(2):221-226.
Keywords: ANHU

Goldman, E. A. (1951). Biological investigations in Mexico (with 71 plates). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 115:1-476.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Goldman, E. A., and Moore, R. T. (1945). The biotic provinces of Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 26(4):347-360.
Keywords: Biota

Goldsmith, K. M., and Goldsmith, T. H. (1982). Sense of smell in the Black-chinned Hummingbird. Condor 84(2):237-238.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Goldsmith, T. H. (1980). Hummingbirds see near ultraviolet light. Science 207(4432):786-788.
Keywords: BCHU; RIHU; BTHH


Goldsmith, T. H., and Goldsmith, K. M. (1979). Discrimination of colors by the black-chinned hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri. Journal of Comparative Physiology 130(3):209-220.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU

Gómez de Silva, H. (2002). Elevational and winter records of birds on two Mexican mountains. Ornitología Neotropical 13(2):197-201.
Keywords: ANHU; BBIH; BTAH; BTHH; RIHU; WEHU ✅

Gómez de Silva, H. (2006). Hylocharis leucotis (zafiro oreja blanca) usando sitios con y sin clima extremo. Distribución Potencial. Catálogo de metadatos geográficos. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.
Keywords: WEHU

Gómez de Silva, H. (2010). Cynanthus latirostris (colibrí pico ancho) usando sitios con y sin clima extremo. Distribución Potencial.
Keywords: BBIH

Gómez de Silva, H., González-García, F., and Casillas-Trejo, M. P. (1999). Birds of the upper cloud forest of El Triunfo, Chiapas, Mexico. Ornitología Neotropical 10:1-26.
Keywords: BEHU

Gómez de Silva, H., and Medellín, R. A. (2002). Are land bird assemblages functionally saturated? An empirical test in Mexico. Oikos 96(1):169-181.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Gómez Rosas, L., Ortiz-Pulido, R., and Lara, C. (2013). Sensibilidad al riesgo durante el forrajeo en los colibríes Hylocharis leucotis y Selasphorus platycercus [Risk sensitivity during foraging in Hylocharis leucotis and Selasphorus platycercus hummingbirds]. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 14(1):7-16.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gómez-Aíza, L., and Zuria, I. (2010). Aves visitantes a las flores del maguey (Agave salmiana) en una zona urbana del centro de México. Ornitología Neotropical 21(1):17-30.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gómez-Álvarez, G., Reyes-Gómez, S. R., Teutil-Solano, C., and Valadez-Azúa, R. (2014). La medicina tradicional prehispánica, vertebrados terrestres y productos medicinales de tres mercados del valles de México. Etnobiología 5:86-98.
Keywords: WEHU; BTHH

González, C., Alvarez-Baños, A., and Cuevas, E. (2016). Floral biology and pollination mechanisms of four Mexico-endemic Fuchsia species with contrasting reproductive systems. Journal of Plant Ecology:rtw118.
Keywords: BEHU

González, C., Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., and Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, C. (2011). Selection and geographic isolation influence hummingbird speciation: genetic, acoustic and morphological divergence in the Wedge-tailed Sabrewing (Campylopterus curvipennis). BMC Evolutionary Biology 11:38-56.
Keywords: Trochilidae


González-Elizondo, M. S., González-Elizondo, M., Ruacho González, L., Lopez Enriquez, I. L., Retana Rentería, F. I., and Tena Flores, J. A. (2013). Ecosystems and diversity of the Sierra Madre Occidental, pp. 204-211 in Gottfried, G. J., Ffolliott, P. F., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Collins, L. C. (editors). Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-67, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


González-Gómez, P. L., Blakeslee, W. S., Razeto-Barry, P., Borthwell, R. M., Hiebert, S. M., and Wingfield, J. C. (2014). Aggression, body condition, and seasonal changes in sex-steroids in four hummingbird species. Journal of Ornithology 155(4):1017-1025.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU; RUHU; Trochilidae

González-Rubio, C., García-De León, F. J., and Rodríguez-Estrella, R. (2016). Phylogeography of endemic Xantus’ hummingbird (Hylocharis xantusii) shows a different history of vicariance in the Baja California Peninsula. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 102:265-277.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gordon, C. E., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2000). Comparing endemism and habitat restriction in Mesoamerican tropical deciduous forest birds: Implications for biodiversity conservation planning. Bird Conservation International 10(4):289-303.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Gottfried, G. J. (1992). Ecology and management of the southwestern pinyon-juniper woodlands, pp. 78-85 in Ffolliott, P. F., Gottfried, G. J., Bennett, D. A., Hernandez C, V. M., Ortega, A., and Hamre, R. H. (editors). Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: Perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-218. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Gottfried, G. J., and Ffolliott, P. F. (2013). Ecology and management of oak woodlands and savannas in the southwestern Borderlands Region, pp. 337-340 in Gottfried, G. J., Ffolliott, P. F., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Collins, L. C. (editors). Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-67, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Gottfried, G. J., Ffolliott, P. F., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Collins, L. C., (Editors) (2013). Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-67, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Gottfried, G. J., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Edminster, C. B., (Editors) (2005). Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago II. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-36, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Gottsberger, G., Schrauwen, J., and Linskens, H. F. (1984). Amino acids and sugars in nectar, and their putative evolutionary significance. Plant Systematics and Evolution 145(1):55-77.
Keywords: LUHU

Gould, J. (1846). On twenty new species of Trochilidae or humming birds. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 14:85-90.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gould, J. (1847). Drafts for an arrangement of the Trochildæ, with descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 15:7-11, 16-17, 30-31, 94-96.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gould, J. (1848). Drafts for an arrangement of the Trochildæ (continued from Part XV). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 16:11-14.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gould, J. (1853). Observations on the nests of humming birds. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 21:100.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Gould, J. (1859). Descriptions of four new species of humming-birds from Mexico. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3 4(20):96-98.
Keywords: VCHU ✅

Gould, J. (1861). An introduction to the Trochilidæ or family of humming-birds. Taylor and Francis, London, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Gould, J. (1861). A monograph of the Trochildidæ or family of humming-birds. Taylor and Francis, London, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Graber, J. W. (1954). Additional notes on the birds of southwestern Kansas. Wilson Bulletin 66(2):149-151.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Graber, J. W., and Graber, R. R. (1959). Winter observations of birds in Oaxaca, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 4(2):66-82.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Graenicher, S. (1910). On humming-bird flowers. Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society 8:183-186.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Graham, C. H., Parra, J. L., Rahbek, C., and McGuire, J. A. (2009). Phylogenetic structure in tropical hummingbird communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(Supplement 2):19673-19678.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Graham, C. H., Parra, J. L., Tinoco, B. A., Stiles, F. G., and McGuire, J. A. (2012). Untangling the influence of ecological and evolutionary factors on trait variation across hummingbird assemblages. Ecology 93(sp8):S99-S111.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Graham, C. H., Supp, S. R., Powers, D. R., Beck, P., Lim, M. C., Shankar, A., Cormier, T., Goetz, S., and Wethington, S. M. (2016). Winter conditions influence biological responses of migrating hummingbirds. Ecosphere 7(10).
Keywords: ANHU


Graham, D. L. (1997). Spider webs and windows as potentially important sources of hummingbird mortality. Journal of Field Ornithology 68(1):98-101.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RTHU ✅

Graham, S. P. (2010). Visitors to southeastern hawkmoth flowers. Southeastern Naturalist 9(3):413-426.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Grant, J. (1959). Hummingbirds attacked by wasps. Canadian Field Naturalist 73(3):174.
Keywords: RUHU; Trochilidae ✅

Grant, K. A. (1966). A hypothesis concerning the prevalence of red coloration in California hummingbird flowers. American Naturalist 100(911):85-97.
Keywords: RIHU

Grant, K. A., and Grant, V. (1967). Effects of hummingbird migration on plant speciation in the California flora. Evolution 21(3):457-465.
Keywords: ANHU


Grant, K. A., and Grant, V. (1967). Records of hummingbird pollination in the western American flora: III Arizona records. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany 6(3):107-110.
Keywords: ANHU

Grant, K. A., and Grant, V. (1968). Hummingbirds and their flowers. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: RIHU; COHU

Grant, P. R. (1966). Ecological compatibility of bird species on islands. American Naturalist 100(914):451-462.
Keywords: VCHU

Grant, P. R. (1966). Late breeding on the Tres Marias Islands. Condor 68(3):249-252.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Grant, P. R. (1967). Bill length variability in birds of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Zoology 45(5):805-815.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Grant, P. R. (1968). Bill size, body size, and the ecological adaptations of bird species to competitive situations on islands. Systematic Biology 17(3):319-333.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Grant, P. R. (2011). Ecological compatibility of bird species on islands (1966), pp. 270-284 in Graham, M. H., Parker, J., and Dayton, P. K. (editors). The Essential Naturalist: Timeless Readings in Natural History, vol. 65. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: VCHU

Grant, V. (1952). Isolation and hybridization between Aquilegia formosa and A. pubescens. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany 2(4):341-360.
Keywords: RUHU; RTHU ❎

Grant, V. (1992). Floral isolation between ornithophilous and sphingophilous species of Ipomopsis and Aquilegia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89(24):11828-11831.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Grant, V. (1993). Origin of floral isolation between ornithophilous and sphingophilous plant species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90(16):7729-7733.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Grant, V. (1994). Historical development of ornithophily in the western North American flora. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91(22):10407-10411. Keywords: ANHU
Grant, V., and Grant, K. A. (1966). Records of hummingbird pollination in the western American flora: I. Some California plant species. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany 6(2):51-66.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Grant, V., and Grant, K. A. (1967). Records of hummingbird pollination in the western American flora: II. Additional California records. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany 6(3):103-105.
Keywords: ANHU

Grant, V., and Temeles, E. J. (1992). Foraging ability of Rufous Hummingbirds on hummingbird flowers and hawkmoth flowers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89(20):9400-9404.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Grantsau, R. (1968). Uma nova espécie de Phaethornis (Aves, Trochilidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 22:57-59. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Grantsau, R. (1969). Uma nova espécie de Threnetes (Aves, Trochilidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 22:245-247. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Graves, G. R. (1980). A new species of metaltail hummingbird from northern Peru. Wilson Bulletin 92(1):1-7.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Graves, G. R. (1990). Systematics of the “Green-throated Sunangels” (Aves: Trochilidae): Valid taxa or hybrids? Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington 103(1):6-25.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Graves, G. R. (2003). Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 10. Cyanomyia salvini Brewster, 1893, is an intergeneric hybrid of Amazilia violiceps and Cynanthus latirostris. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 116(2):293-300.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Graves, G. R. (2003). Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 8. A provisional hypothesis for the hybrid origin of Zodalia glyceria (Gould, 1858). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 112(3):491-502.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Graves, G. R. (2006). Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 14. New perspectives on Sefton’s specimen (Calypte costae × Selasphorus platycercus) from the Rincon Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 119(4):516-521.
Keywords: PCST; LUHU

Graves, G. R. (2007). Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 15. A new intergeneric hybrid (Hylocharis leucotis × Selasphorus platycercus) from the Huachuca Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 120(1):99-105.
Keywords: BEHU

Graves, G. R. (2007). Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 16. Characterization of a striking intergeneric hybrid (Lampornis clemenciae × Calypte anna) from Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, southeastern Arizona. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 120(1):106-112.
Keywords: VCHU; LUHU

Graves, G. R., Dittmann, D. L., and Cardiff, S. W. (2016). Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 17. Documentation of the intrageneric hybrid (Archilochus colubris × Archilochus alexandri). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 129(1):1-9.
Keywords: LUHU

Graves, G. R., and Newfield, N. L. (1996). Diagnoses of hybrid hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae). 1. Characterization of Calypte anna × Stellula calliope and the possible effects of egg volume on hybridization potential. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 109(4):755-763.
Keywords: ANHU

Gray, G. R. (1841). A list of the genera of birds: With their synonyma and an indication of the typical species of each genus, 2nd ed. R. and J.E. Taylor, London, UK.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Gray, G. R. (1842). Appendix to A list of the genera of birds. Richard and John E. Taylor, London.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae ✅



Gray, G. R. (1855). Catalogue of the genera and subgenera of birds contained in the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Greenberg, R., Caballero, C. M., and Bichier, P. (1993). Defense of homopteran honeydew by birds in the Mexican highlands and other warm temperate forests. Oikos 68(3):519-524.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Greenewalt, C. H. (1962). Dimensional relationships for flying animals. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 144(2):1-46.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Greig, E. I., Wood, E. M., and Bonter, D. N. (2017). Winter range expansion of a hummingbird is associated with urbanization and supplementary feeding. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 284(1852):20170256.
Keywords: ANHU


Grenfell, W. E., Jr., and Laudenslayer, W. F., Jr. (1983). The distribution of California birds. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Grew, N. (1693). The description of the American tomineius, or humming bird. Philosophical Transactions 17(200):760-761.
Keywords: RTHU


Grew, N. (1693). A Query put by Dr. N. Grew, concerning the food of the Humming Bird; occasioned by the description of it in the Transactions Numb. 200. Philosophical Transactions 17(202):815.
Keywords: RTHU


Griffin, D. R. (1973). Oriented bird migration in or between opaque cloud layers. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 117(2):117-141. Keywords: Trochilidae
Griffis-Kyle, K. L., and Beier, P. (2003). Small isolated aspen stands enrich bird communities in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Biological Conservation 110(3):375-385.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Grinnell, J. (1897). Report on the birds recorded during a visit to the islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas and San Clemente, in the spring of 1897. Pasadena Academy of Sciences 1:1-26.
Keywords: COHU; ALHU ✅

Grinnell, J. (1898). Birds of the Pacific slope of Los Angeles County. Pasadena Academy of Sciences 2:1-52.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; ANHU; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU ✅

Grinnell, J. (1898). Land birds observed in mid-winter on Santa Catalina Island, California. Auk 15(3):233-236.
Keywords: ALHU; ANHU ✅

Grinnell, J. (1899). The Rhinoceros Auklet at Catalina Island. Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club 1(2):17-19.
Keywords: ALHU; ANHU ✅


Grinnell, J. (1902). Check-list of California birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna 3:1-99.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; ANHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU ✅

Grinnell, J. (1904). Midwinter birds at Palm Springs, California. Condor 6(2):40-45.
Keywords: ANHU; COHU; BCHU ✅


Grinnell, J. (1908). The biota of the San Bernardino mountains. University of California Publications in Zoology 5(1):1-170.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; ANHU; ALHU; RUHU ✅

Grinnell, J. (1913). An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto area of southern California with remarks upon the behavior of geographic races on the margins of their habitats. University of California Publications in Zoology 10(10):197-406.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Grinnell, J. (1914). An account of the mammals and birds of the lower Colorado Valley: With especial reference to the distributional problems presented. University of California Publications in Zoology 12(4):51-294.
Keywords: COHU; BCHU ✅


Grinnell, J. (1915). A distributional list of the birds of California. Pacific Coast Avifauna 11:1-217.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; ANHU; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU; RIHU; BTAH ✅

Grinnell, J. (1918). Seven new or noteworthy birds from east-central California. Condor 20(2):86-90.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Grinnell, J. (1928). A distributional summation of the ornithology of Lower California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: COHU

Grinnell, J. (1931). An early name for the Allen Hummingbird. Condor 33(2):77-78.
Keywords: ALHU; RUHU ✅

Grinnell, J. (1932). Type localities of birds described from California. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Grinnell, J., and Miller, A. H. (1944). The distribution of the birds of California. Pacific Coast Avifauna 27(27):1-608.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Grinnell, J., and Storer, T. I. (1924). Animal life in the Yosemite: An account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU



Grinnell, J., and Swarth, H. S. (1913). An account of the birds and mammals of the San Jacinto area of southern California with remarks upon the behavior and geographic races on the margins of their habitats. University of California Publications in Zoology 10(10):197-406.
Keywords: COHU

Grinnell, J., and Wythe, M. W. (1927). Directory to the bird-life of the San Francisco Bay region. Pacific Coast Avifauna 18:1-160.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU; COHU; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU ✅

Grinyer, I., and George, J. C. (1969). Some observations on the ultrastructure of the hummingbird pectoral muscles. Canadian Journal of Zoology 47(5):771-774.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Griscom, L. (1934). The ornithology of Guerrero, Mexico. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 75:367-422.
Keywords: VCHU

Griscom, L. (1950). Distribution and origin of the birds of Mexico. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 103(6):339-382.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Griscom, L., and Anthony, A. W. (1932). The distribution of bird-life in Guatemala: a contribution to a study of the origin of Central American bird-life. . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 64:1-439.
Keywords: Reference; PCST

Gronemeyer, P. A., Dilger, B. J., Bouzat, J. L., and Paige, K. N. (1997). The effects of herbivory on paternal fitness in scarlet gilia: better moms also make better pops. American Naturalist 150(5):592-602.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Groschupf, K. D., Brown, B. T., and Johnson, R. R. (1988). An annotated checklist of the birds of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Grosvenor, G. H., and Wetmore, A. (1937). The book of birds, vol. 2. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Grue, C. E. (1977). The impact of powerline construction on birds in Arizona. M.S. thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gruson, E. S. (1972). Words for birds: A lexicon of North American birds with biographical notes. Quadrangle Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference

Gryj, E., Martínez del Rio, C., and Baker, I. (1990). Avian pollination and nectar use in Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.). Biotropica 22(3):266-271.
Keywords: PCST

Guallar, S. X., and Gallés, A. (2017). Age determination of Amethyst-throated Hummingbird (Lampornis amethystinus) and White-eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis). Ornitología Neotropical 28:129-133. Keywords: Trochilidae
Guerrero-Ortiz, S. (2013). Uso medicinal de la fauna silvestre por indígenas tlahuicas en Ocuilan, México. B.S. thesis, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México. Keywords: BEHU
Guiguet, C. J. (1968). First specimen record of Anna’s Hummingbird for Canada. Murrelet 49(1):9-10.
Keywords: ANHU

Guilding, L. (1834). Facts on humming-birds, their food, the manner in which they take it, and on their habits; with directions for preserving the eggs of humming-birds, and the forms of the bodies of spiders, and pupæ and larvæ of insects. Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology 7:569-573.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gullion, G. W., Pulich, W. M., and Evenden, F. G. (1959). Notes on the occurrence of birds in southern Nevada. Condor 61(4):278-297.
Keywords: COHU


Gut, L. J., Schlising, R. A., and Stopher, C. E. (1977). Nectar-sugar concentrations and flower visitors in the western Great Basin. Great Basin Naturalist 37(4):523-529.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Gutzwiller, K. J., and Barrow, W. C., Jr. (2002). Does bird community structure vary with landscape patchiness? A Chihuahuan Desert perspective. Oikos 98(2):2002.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Haffer, J. (1986). Superspecies and species limits in vertebrates. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 24(3):169-190.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hagadorn, K. A., Tell, L. A., Drazenovich, T. L., and Ernest, H. B. (2016). Molecular sex identification markers for five North American hummingbird species. Conservation Genetics Resources 8(4):427-430.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hagar, J. C. (2007). Wildlife species associated with non-coniferous vegetation in Pacific Northwest conifer forests: A review. Forest Ecology and Management 246(1):108-122.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hager, S. B., Cosentino, B. J., and McKay, K. J. (2012). Scavenging affects persistence of avian carcasses resulting from window collisions in an urban landscape. Journal of Field Ornithology 83(2):203-211.
Keywords: Reference ❎


Hager, S. B., Trudell, H., McKay, K. J., Crandall, S. M., and Mayer, L. (2008). Bird density and mortality at windows. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120(3):550-564.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RTHU ✅


Hagiwara, S., Chichibu, S., and Simpson, N. (1968). Neuromuscular mechanisms of wing beat in hummingbirds. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 60(2):209-218.
Keywords: ANHU

Hahn, I. J., Hogeback, S., Römer, U., and Vergara, P. M. (2012). Biodiversity and biogeography of birds in Pacific Mexico along an isolation gradient from mainland Chamela via coastal Marias to oceanic Revillagigedo Islands. Vertebrate Zoology 62(1):123-144.
Keywords: BBIH; VCHU; PCST; RTHU; BCHU ✅

Hahn, K. E. (2013). Territoriality in Costa’s Hummingbirds, Calypte costae. M.S. thesis, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA.
Keywords: COHU ❌


Hainsworth, F. R. (1973). On the tongue of a hummingbird: its role in the rate and energetics of feeding. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 46(1):65-78.
Keywords: BCHU

Hainsworth, F. R. (1974). Food quality and foraging efficiency: The efficiency of sugar assimilation by hummingbirds. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 88(4):425-431.
Keywords: BCHU

Hainsworth, F. R. (1977). Foraging efficiency and parental care in Colibri coruscans. Condor 79(1):69-75.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Hainsworth, F. R. (1978). Feeding: Models of costs and benefits in energy regulation. American Zoologist 18(4):701-714.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Hainsworth, F. R. (1981). Energy regulation in hummingbirds: The study of caloric costs and benefits indicates how hummingbirds control energy resources. American Scientist 69(4):420-429. Keywords: Trochilidae
Hainsworth, F. R. (1986). Why hummingbirds hover: A commentary. Auk 103(4):832-833.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Hainsworth, F. R., Collins, B. G., and Wolf, L. L. (1977). The function of torpor in hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 50(3):215-222. Keywords: BCHU
Hainsworth, F. R., Tardiff, M. F., and Wolf, L. L. (1981). Proportional control for daily energy regulation in hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 54(4):452-462.
Keywords: RIHU

Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1970). Regulation of oxygen consumption and body temperature during torpor in a hummingbird, Eulampis jugularis. Science 168(3929):368-369.
Keywords: COHU

Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1972). Crop volume, nectar concentration and hummingbird energetics. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 42(2):359-366.
Keywords: RIHU; ANHU

Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1972). Energetics of nectar extraction in a small, high altitude, tropical hummingbird, Selasphorus flammula. Journal of Comparative Physiology 80(4):377-387.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1972). Power for hovering flight in relation to body size in hummingbirds. American Naturalist 106(951):589-596.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1976). Nectar characteristics and food selection by hummingbirds. Oecologia 25(2):101-113.
Keywords: RIHU

Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1978). The economics of temperature regulation and torpor in nonmammalian organisms, pp. 147-184 in Wang, L. C. H. (editor) Strategies in Cold: Natural Torpidity and Thermogenesis. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1978). Regulation of metabolism during torpor in temperate zone hummingbirds. Auk 95(1):197-199.
Keywords: RIHU; RIHU; BTAH; BCHU ❎

Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1979). Feeding: An ecological approach, pp. 53-96 in Rosenblatt, J. S., Hinde, R. A., Beer, C., and Busnel, M.-C. (editors). Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol. 9. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hainsworth, F. R., and Wolf, L. L. (1983). Models and evidence for feeding control of energy. American Zoologist 23(2):261-272.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hall, E. R. (1938). Broad-tailed Hummingbird attracted to food of the Red-naped Sapsucker. Condor 40(6):264.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hall, L. S., Morrison, M. L., Christoferson, L. L., Martin, J., Bock, C. E., and Strong, T. R. (2002). Bird populations in riparian areas of southeastern Arizona in 1985-86 and 1994-95. Western North American Naturalist 62(3):370-376.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hamilton, W. J., III (1965). Sun-oriented display of the Anna’s hummingbird. Wilson Bulletin 77(1):38-44.
Keywords: ANHU

Hammersley, G. (1927). Observations on the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). Canadian Field-Naturalist 42(6):149-150.
Keywords: RUHU

Hanan, P. (1995). Behavior of a Ruby-throated Hummingbird in the rain. Maryland Birdlife 51(2):90.
Keywords: RTHU

Haney, J. C., Lee, D. S., and Wilbert, M. (2001). A half-century comparison of breeding birds in the southern Appalachians. Condor 103(2):268-277.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hansell, M. H. (1996). The function of lichen flakes and white spider cocoons on the outer surface of birds’ nests. Journal of Natural History 30(2):303-311.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hardy, P. C., Griffin, D. J., Kuenzi, A. J., and Morrison, M. L. (2004). Occurrence and habitat use of passage neotropical migrants in the Sonoran desert. Western North American Naturalist 64(1):59-71.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hardy, R. (1945). Breeding birds of the pigmy conifers in the Book Cliff region of eastern Utah. Auk 62(4):523-542.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Harris, A. H. (1963). Ecological distribution of some vertebrates in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Museum of New Mexico Papers in Antropology 8:1-64.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Harris, B. K. (1965). More specimen records of birds unusual in New Mexico. Auk 82(4):648-650.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Harris-Haller, T., and Harris, S. W. (1991). Experiments with Allen’s and Anna’s Hummingbirds at sugar water feeders in spring. Western Birds 22(4):175-188.
Keywords: ANHU

Harrison, B. (1976). Plain-capped Starthroat in Arizona. Birding 8:74-75. Keywords: PCST
Harrison, C. J. O. (1978). A field guide to the nests, eggs, and nestlings of North American birds. Collins, Cleveland, OH.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Harrison, H. H. (2001). A field guide to Western birds’ nests: Of 520 species found breeding in the United States west of the Mississippi River, vol. 25. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hartert, E. (1900). Allemeines und specielles über Kolibris (Erläuterungen, Ergänzungen und Zusätze zur 9. Lieferung „Trochilidae‟ des Tierreichs.). Journal für Ornithologie 48:350-368.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hartert, E. (1900). Trochilidae, vol. 9. Das Tierreich. Deutche Zooligische Gesellschaft, Berlin.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Hartman, F. A. (1954). Cardiac and pectoral muscles of Trochilids. Auk 71(4):467-469.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hassler, L. (2008). Hummingbirds of the American West. Rio Nuevo Publishers, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Häuser, C. L. (1987). The debate about the biological species concept: A review. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 25(4):241-257.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hauser, D. C., and Currie, N., Jr. (1966). Hummingbird survives through December in North Carolina. Auk 83(1):138-139.
Keywords: RTHU

Hawks Aloft (2007). 2007 Gray Vireo monitoring in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: Hawks Aloft.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hawks Aloft (2010). Bird and vegetation community relationships in the middle Rio Grande Bosque: 2010 Report. US Army Corps of Engineers, Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District. T-32-P-2, Project 10 final report.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Haynie, C. B. (1992). Texas Bird Records Committee Report for 1992. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 25(2):30-41.
Keywords: BEHU

Hayward, C. L. (1931). A preliminary list of the birds of the subalpine and alpine zones of the Uintah Mountains. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences 8:151-152. Keywords: Trochilidae
Hayward, C. L., Cottam, C., Woodbury, A. M., and Frost, H. H. (1976). Birds of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 1(1):1-229.
Keywords: COHU

Headstrom, R. (1951). Birds’ nests of the West: A field guide. Ives Washburn, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Healy, S. D., and Calder, W. A., III (2006). Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: RTHU


Healy, S. D., and Hurly, T. A. (1995). Spatial memory in Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus): A field test. Animal Learning & Behavior 23(1):63-68.
Keywords: RUHU; Trochilidae


Healy, S. D., and Hurly, T. A. (1998). Rufous Hummingbirds’ (Selasphorus rufus) memory for flowers: Patterns or actual spatial locations? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 24(4):396.
Keywords: RUHU


Healy, S. D., and Hurly, T. A. (2001). Foraging and spatial learning in hummingbirds, pp. 126-147 in Chittka, L., and Thomson, J. D. (editors). Cognitive ecology of pollination. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Healy, S. D., and Hurly, T. A. (2003). Cognitive ecology: Foraging in hummingbirds as a model system. Advances in the Study of Behavior 32:325-359.
Keywords: RUHU


Heath, S., and Ballard, G. (2003). Patterns of breeding songbird diversity and occurrence in riparian habitats of the eastern Sierra Nevada. Proceedings of the California riparian systems: processes and floodplain management, ecology and restoration. Riparian Habitat and Floodplains Conference Proceedings, Riparian Habitat Joint Venture, Sacramento, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hedrick, T. L., Tobalske, B. W., Ros, I. G., Warrick, D. R., and Biewener, A. A. (2011). Morphological and kinematic basis of the hummingbird flight stroke: Scaling of flight muscle transmission ratio. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 279(1735):1986-1992.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Heermann, A. L. (1859). Vol. 10. Report of explorations for a railway route (near the thirty-second parallel of north latitude) lying between Dona Ana, on the Rio Grande, and Pinas Villages, on the Gila: Zoological report. No. 1. Report upon birds collected on the survey, vol. X. Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Heidcamp, A. (1997). Selasphorus hummingbirds. Notes on identification. Birding 29(1):18-29. Keywords: Trochilidae ❓
Heil, M. (2011). Nectar: Generation, regulation and ecological functions. Trends in Plant Science 16(4):191-200.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hein, D. (1980). Management of lodgepole pine for birds, pp. 238-246 in DeGraff, R. M., and Tilgham, N. G. (editors). Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds. General Technical Report INT-86. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: BTAH


Heindel, M. T., and Patten, M. A. (1996). Eighteenth report of the California Bird Records Committee: 1992 records. Western Birds 27(1):1-29.
Keywords: VCHU

Heinemann, D. (1992). Resource use, energetic profitability, and behavioral decisions in migrant Rufous Hummingbirds. Oecologia 90(1):137-149.
Keywords: RUHU

Heinemann, D. W. (1984). Interactions among Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus), hymenopterans, and a shared resource: Exploitative exclusion of a vertebrate from a nectar source, Scrophularia montana, by insects. Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.
Keywords: RUHU ❓

Heinrich, B. (1975). Energetics of pollination. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6(issue):139-170.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Heinrich, B., and Raven, P. H. (1972). Energetics and pollination ecology. Science 176(4035):597-602.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hejl, S. J., Hutto, R. L., Preston, C. R., and Finch, D. M. (1995). Effects of silvicultural treatments in the Rocky Mountains, pp. 220-244 in Martin, T. E., and Finch, D. M. (editors). Ecology and management of Neotropical migratory birds: a synthesis and review of critical issues. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: LUHU; BEHU


Hejl, S. J., and Verner, J. (1988). Evaluating avian-habitat relationships in red fir forests of the Sierra Nevada. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 24:121-134.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hellmayr, C. E. (1913). Critical notes on the types of little-known species of neotropical birds. Part II. Novitates Zoologicæ 20(2):227-256.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Henderson, J., Hurly, T. A., Bateson, M., and Healy, S. D. (2006). Timing in free-living Rufous Hummingbirds, Selasphorus rufus. Current Biology 16(5):512-515.
Keywords: RUHU


Hendricks, D. M. (1985). Natural vegetation of Arizona. Arizona Soils. Keywords: Trochilidae; Biota
Hendrickson, D. A., and Minckley, W. L. (1984). Cienegas: Vanishing climax communities of the American Southwest. Desert Plants 6(3):131-175.
Keywords: Trochilidae; Biota

Henry, J., and Baird, S. F. (1857). Vol. 8. Part 1. General report upon the zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes, vol. VIII. Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Henry, T. C. (1855). Notes derived from observations made on the birds of New Mexico during the years 1853 and 1854. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7(issue):306-317.
Keywords: ANHU

Henry, T. C. (1859). Catalogue of the birds of New Mexico as compiled from notes and observations made while in that territory, during a residence of six years. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 11:104-109.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Henshaw, H. W. (1874). On a hummingbird new to our fauna, with certain other facts ornithological. American Naturalist 8:241-243.
Keywords: RIHU


Henshaw, H. W. (1875). An annotated list of the birds of Arizona, pp. 153-166 in Appendix LL. Annual report of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875. Geographical explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in California, Nevada, Nebraska, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Montana. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Henshaw, H. W. (1875). Report upon the ornithological collections made in portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, pp. 131-508 in Wheeler, G. M. (editor) Report upon Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, vol. 5 – Zoology. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: LUHU; BBIH; ANHU;



Henshaw, H. W. (1875). Zoological report, field season of 1874. Notes, pp. 149-150 in Appendix LL. Annual report of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1875. Geographical explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in California, Nevada, Nebraska, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Montana. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Henshaw, H. W. (1877). Description of a new species of humming-bird from California. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 2(3):53-58.
Keywords: ALHU

Henshaw, H. W. (1877). Notes on the habits of the Green-backed California Humming Bird, Selasphorus alleni, (Henshaw). Field and Forest 3(6):95-98.
Keywords: ALHU

Henshaw, H. W. (1878). Additional remarks on Selasphorus alleni. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 3(1):11-15.
Keywords: ALHU

Henshaw, H. W. (1886). List of birds observed in summer and fall on the upper Pecos River, New Mexico. Auk 3(1):73-80.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hensley, M. M. (1954). Ecological relations of the breeding bird population of the desert biome in Arizona. Ecological Monographs 24(2):185-208.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hensley, M. M. (1959). Notes on the nesting of selected species of birds of the Sonoran Desert. Wilson Bulletin 71(1):86-92.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hering, L. (1947). Courtship and mating of Broad-tailed Hummingbird in Colorado. Condor 49(3):126.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hering, L. (1947). Courtship and mating of Broad-Tailed Hummingbird in Colorado. Condor 49(3):126.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Herlihy, C. R., and Eckert, C. G. (2007). Evolutionary analysis of a key floral trait in Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae): Genetic variation in herkogamy and its effect on the mating system. Evolution 61(7):1661-1674.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hernández, A., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2007). Disassortative pollen transfer in distylous Palicourea padifolia (Rubiaceae), a hummingbird-pollinated shrub. Ecoscience 14(1):8-16.
Keywords: RIHU

Hernandez, H. M. (1981). Sobre la ecologia reproductiva de Nicotiana glauca Grah: Una maleza de distribucion cosmopolita [On the reproductive ecology of Nicotiana glauca, a cosmopolitan weed]. Boletin de la Sociedad Botánica de México 41:47-73.
Keywords: LUHU


Hernández, H. M. (1981). On the reproductive ecology of Nicotiana glauca, a cosmopolitan weed. Botanical Sciences(41):47-73. Keywords: Trochilidae
Hernández, H. M., and Toledo, V. M. (1979). The role of nectar robbers and pollinators in the reproduction of Erythrina leptorhiza. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66(3):512-520.
Keywords: LUHU

Hernandez-Acevedo, J.-D. (2002). Reconciling spatial and temporal patterns of bird species richness in North and Central America. M.S. thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), Ottawa, ON.
Keywords: LUHU


Hernández-Baños, B. E., Honey-Escandón, M., Cortés-Rodríguez, M. N., and García Deras, G. (2007). Filogeografía de aves Mexicanas, pp. 467-495 in Eguiarte, L. E., Souza, V., and Aguirre, X. (editors). Ecología molecular. Instituto Nacional de Ecología, SEMARNAT, México.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hernández-Baños, B. E., Zamudio-Beltrán, L. E., Eguiarte-Fruns, L. E., Klicka, J., and García-Moreno, J. (2014). The Basilinna genus (Aves: Trochilidae): an evaluation based on molecular evidence and implications for the genus Hylocharis [El género Basilinna (Aves: Trochilidae): una evaluación basada en evidencia molecular e implicaciones para el género Hylocharis]. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85(3):797-807.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hernández-Conrique, D., Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., García-Franco, J. G., and Vargas, C. F. (2007). Nectar production of Calliandra longipedicellata (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), an endemic Mexican shrub with multiple potential pollinators. Biotropica 39(4):459-467.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Herrera M, L. G., and Osorio M., J. (2016). Tracking nutrient routing in avian consumers in a subtropical desert. Biotropica 48(2):255-264.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Herrera-Alsina, L., and Villegas-Patraca, R. (2014). Biologic interactions determining geographic range size: a one species response to phylogenetic community structure. Ecology and evolution 4(7):968-976.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Herrera-Alsina, L., Villegas-Patraca, R., Eguiarte, L. E., and Arita, H. T. (2013). Bird communities and wind farms: A phylogenetic and morphological approach. Biodiversity and conservation 22(12):2821-2836.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hewes, J., and McCoy, A. (1991). Two partly albinistic hummingbirds in Comanche County, Oklahoma. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society 24(4):33-34.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Heyneman, A. J. (1983). Optimal sugar concentrations of floral nectars—dependence on sugar intake efficiency and foraging costs. Oecologia 60(2):198-213.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hicks, E. A. (1959). Check-list and bibliography on the occurrence of insects in birds’ nests. Iowa State College Press, Ames, IA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Hiebert, S. M. (1988). Sliding thresholds of energy reserves for torpor initiation in the rufous hummingbird. American Zoologist 28(4):A127-A127. Keywords: RUHU [abstract only]
Hiebert, S. M. (1990). Energy costs and temporal organization of torpor in the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). Physiological Zoology 63(6):1082-1097.
Keywords: RUHU

Hiebert, S. M. (1990). Torpor in the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Keywords: RUHU [abstract only]

Hiebert, S. M. (1991). Seasonal differences in the response of Rufous Hummingbirds to food restriction: Body mass and the use of torpor. Condor 93(3):526-537.
Keywords: RUHU ❎


Hiebert, S. M. (1992). Time-dependent thresholds for torpor initiation in the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 162(3):249-255.
Keywords: RUHU

Hiebert, S. M. (1993). Seasonal changes in body mass and use of torpor in a migratory hummingbird. Auk 110(4):787-797.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Hiebert, S. M., and Calder, W. A., III (1983). Sodium, potassium, and chloride in floral nectars: Energy-free contributions to refractive index and salt balance. Ecology 64(2):399-402.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hiebert, S. M., and Calder, W. A., III (1988). The osmoregulatory consequences of nectarivory and frugivory in hummingbirds and other species. Proceedings of the Acta XIX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Ottawa, ON.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Hiebert, S. M., Ramenofsky, M., Salvante, K., Wingfield, J. C., and Gass, C. L. (2000). Noninvasive methods for measuring and manipulating corticosterone in hummingbirds. General and Comparative Endocrinology 120(2):235-247.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hiebert, S. M., Salvante, K. G., Ramenofsky, M., and Wingfield, J. C. (2000). Corticosterone and nocturnal torpor in the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). General and Comparative Endocrinology 120(2):220-234.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU

Hildebrand, E. M. (1949). Hummingbird captured by preying mantis. Auk 66(3):286.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RTHU ✅

Hildén, O. (1965). Habitat selection in birds: A review. Annales Zoologici Fennici 2(1):53-75. Keywords: Trochilidae
Hill, G. E., Sargent, R. R., and Sargent, M. B. (1998). Recent change in the winter distribution of Rufous Hummingbirds. Auk 115(1):240-245.
Keywords: RUHU ✅


Hill, H. M., and Wiggins, I. L. (1948). Ornithological notes from Lower California. Condor 50(4):155-161.
Keywords: COHU ✅


Hilton, B., Jr. (1987). Trumpet creepers and hummingbird bills. Keywords: RTHU ✅
Hilton, B., Jr. (2009). Confirming fall migration routes for South Carolina Ruby-throated Hummingbirds. North American Bird Bander 34(2):41-45.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Hilton, B., Jr. (2010). Broad-billed Hummingbird, Cynanthus latirostris: First South Carolina banding and photographic record. Chat 74(2):14-17.
Keywords: BBIH ✅

Hilton, B., Jr., and Miller, M. W. (2003). Annual survival and recruitment in a Ruby-throated Hummingbird population, excluding the effect of transient individuals. Condor 105(1):54-62.
Keywords: RTHU ✅


Hinam, H. L., Sealy, S. G., and Underwood, T. J. (2004). Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Archilochus colubris, entanglements in burdock, Arctium spp., at Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118(1):85-89.
Keywords: RTHU


Hine, J. L. (1894). Observations on the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Auk 11(3):253-254.
Keywords: RTHU

Hinklemann, C. (1988). Comments on recently described species of hermit hummingbirds. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 108(4):159-169.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Hinojosa-Huerta, O., García-Hernández, J., Carrillo-Guerrero, Y., and Zamora-Hernandez, E. (2007). Hovering over the Alto Golfo: The status and conservation of birds from the Rio Colorado to the Gran Desierto, pp. 383-407 in Felger, R. S., and Broyles, B. (editors). Dry borders: Great natural reserves of the Sonoran Desert. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, UT.
Keywords: BCHU; ANHU; COHU; CAHU; RUHU; ALHU ✅


Hinojosa-Huerta, O., Iturribarria-Rojas, H., Zamora-Hernandez, E., and Calvo-Fonseca, A. (2008). Densities, species richness and habitat relationships of the avian community in the Colorado River, Mexico. Studies in Avian Biology 37:74-82.
❎

Hinojosa-Huerta, O., Soto-Montoya, E., Gómez-Sapiens, M., Calvo-Fonseca, A., Guzmán-Olachea, R., Butrón-Méndez, J., Butrón-Rodríguez, J. J., and Román-Rodríguez, M. (2013). The birds of the Ciénega de Santa Clara, a wetland of international importance within the Colorado River Delta. Ecological Engineering 59:61-73.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hixon, M. A., and Carpenter, F. L. (1988). Distinguishing energy maximizers from time minimizers: a comparative study of two hummingbird species. American Zoologist 28(3):913-925.
Keywords: COHU


Hixon, M. A., Carpenter, F. L., and Paton, D. C. (1983). Territory area, flower density, and time budgeting in hummingbirds: An experimental and theoretical analysis. American Naturalist 122(3):366-391.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hoffmann, R. (1927). Birds of the Pacific states. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Hoffmann, R. S. (1960). Summer birds of the Little Belt Mountains, Montana. Montana State University Press, Missoula, MT.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hofslund, P. B. (1977). Dragonfly attacks and kills a Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Loon 49:238.
Keywords: RTHU

Höglund, J. (1989). Size and plumage dimorphism in lek-breeding birds: A comparative analysis. American Naturalist 134(1):72-87.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Holterhoff, E., Jr. (1881). A collector’s notes on the breeding of a few western birds. American Naturalist 15(3):208-219.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hooker, M. T. (1990). Some observations on the Ruby-throated Hummingbird migration through the Allegheny Front of West Virginia. Redstart 57(2):50-54.
Keywords: RTHU


Hornsby, M. A. W., Hurly, T. A., Hamilton, C. E., Pritchard, D. J., and Healy, S. D. (2014). Wild, free-living rufous hummingbirds do not use geometric cues in a spatial task. Behavioural Processes 108:138-141.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU

Horton, S. P., and Mannan, R. W. (1988). Effects of prescribed fire on snags and cavity-nesting birds in southeastern Arizona pine forests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16(1):37-44. Keywords: Trochilidae
Horvath, O. (1964). Seasonal differences in Rufous Hummingbird nest height and their relation to nest climate. Ecology 45(2):235-241.
Keywords: RUHU


Howard, O. W. (1900). Nesting of the Rivoli Hummingbird in southern Arizona. Condor 2(5):101-102.
Keywords: RIHU


Howell, A. B. (1916). Some results of a winter’s observations in Arizona. Condor 18(6):209-214.
Keywords: BBIH


Howell, A. B. (1917). Birds of the islands off the coast of Southern California. Pacific Coast Avifauna 12:1-127.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU; ALHU ✅

Howell, S. N., and Webb, S. (1989). Notes on the Honduran Emerald. Wilson Bulletin 101(4):642-643.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Howell, S. N. G. (1993). A taxonomic review of the Green-fronted Hummingbird. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 113(3):179-187.
Keywords: VCHU

Howell, S. N. G. (1993). Taxonomy and distribution of the hummingbird genus Chlorostilbon in Mexico and northern Central America. Euphonia 2(2):25-37.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Howell, S. N. G. (2003). Hummingbirds of North America: The photographic guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Howell, S. N. G. (2004). Further observations of birds from Colima and adjacent Jalisco, Mexico. Cotinga 21:38-43.
Keywords: LUHU

Howell, S. N. G. (2014). Peterson reference guide to molt in North American birds, Google Books ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Picidae; Trochilidae

Howell, S. N. G., Corben, C., Pyle, P., and Rogers, D. I. (2003). The first basic problem: A review of molt and plumage homologies. Condor 105(4):635-653.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Howell, S. N. G., Corben, C., Pyle, P., and Rogers, D. I. (2004). The first basic problem revisited: Reply to commentaries on Howell et al.(2003). Condor 106(1):206-210.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Howell, S. N. G., Erickson, R. A., Hamilton, R. A., and Patten, M. A. (2001). An annotated checklist of the birds of Baja California and Baja California Sur. Monographs in Field Ornithology 3:171-203.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Howell, S. N. G., Lewington, I., and Russell, W. (2014). Rare Birds of North America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Howell, S. N. G., and Pyle, P. (1997). Twentieth report of the California bird records committee: 1994 records. Western Birds 28(3):117-141.
Keywords: LUHU

Howell, S. N. G., and Webb, S. (1992). Noteworthy bird observations from Baja California, Mexico. Western Birds 23(4):153-163.
Keywords: ANHU

Howell, S. N. G., and Webb, S. (1995). A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae; Picidae

Howell, T. R. (1972). Birds of the lowland pine savanna of northeastern Nicaragua. Condor 74(3):316-340.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Howell, T. R. (2010). Thomas R. Howell’s check-list of the birds of Nicaragua as of 1993. Ornithological Monographs 68:1-108.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Howell, T. R., and Cade, T. J. (1954). The birds of Guadalupe Island in 1953. Condor 56(5):283-294.
Keywords: ANHU


Howell, T. R., and Dawson, W. R. (1954). Nest temperatures and attentiveness in the Anna hummingbird. Condor 56(2):93-97.
Keywords: ANHU


Hubbard, J. P. (1965). The summer birds of the forests of the Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico. Condor 67(5):404-415.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hubbard, J. P. (1971). The summer birds of the Gila Valley, New Mexico. Nemouria: Occasional Papers of the Delaware Museum of Natural History 2:1-35.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; BTAH

Hubbard, J. P. (1972). Notes on Arizona birds. Nemouria: Occasional Papers of the Delaware Museum of Natural History 5:1-22.
Keywords: CAHU; RIHU

Hubbard, J. P. (1976). Frank Stephens: A century-ago birder in New Mexico. New Mexico Ornithological Society Bulletin 4(2 & 3):1-5.
Keywords: COHU ✅

Hubbard, J. P. (1977). Importance of riparian ecosystems: Biotic considerations, in Johnson, R. R., and Jones, D. A. (editors). Importance, preservation, and management of riparian habitat: A symposium. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota


Hubbard, J. P. (1978). Revised check-list of the birds of New Mexico. New Mexico Ornithological Society, Albuquerque, NM.
Keywords: RIHU


Hubbard, J. P. (1983). Calliope hummingbirds bathe on wet leaves. New Mexico Ornithological Society Bulletin 11(1):9-10.
Keywords: CAHU

Hubbard, J. P. (1985). Nesting season 1985, southwest region (New Mexico). American Birds 39(5):949-951.
Keywords: LUHU

Hubbard, J. P. (1987). The vegetative communities and vertebrate fauna of the Gray Ranch, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. Endangered Species Program, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hubbard, J. P. (1989). The nesting season June 1-July 31, 1989 (southwestern region (New Mexico). American Birds 43(5):1351-1354.
Keywords: LUHU

Hubbard, J. P. (1996). The recent avifauna of New Mexico. New Mexico Journal of Science 36:38-59.
Keywords: LUHU

Hubbard, J. P., Conway, M. C., Campbell, H., Schmitt, G., and Hatch, M. D. (1979). Handbook of species endangered in New Mexico. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. Keywords: Trochilidae
Hubbard, J. P., and Crossin, R. S. (1974). Notes on northern Mexican birds. An expedition report. Nemouria: Occasional Papers of the Delaware Museum of Natural History 14:1-41.
Keywords: BEHU; VCHU; BTHH; RIHU; LUHU; BCHU; COHU; ANHU; BTAH; CAHU

Hubbard, J. P., and Gennaro, A. L. (1985). Ruby-throated Hummingbird in New Mexico. American Birds 39(2):134.
Keywords: RTHU

Huey, L. M. (1924). Nuptial flight of the Black-chinned Hummingbird. Condor 26(6):229.
Keywords: BCHU

Huey, L. M. (1926). Notes from northwestern Lower California, with the description of an apparently new race of the Screech Owl. Auk 43(3):347-362.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Huey, L. M. (1935). February bird life of Punta Penascosa, Sonora, Mexico. Auk 52(3):249-256.
Keywords: ANHU ✅

Huey, L. M. (1936). Notes on the summer and fall birds of the White Mountains, Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 48(2):119-130.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Huey, L. M. (1939). Birds of the Mount Trumbull region, Arizona. Auk 56(3):320-325.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Huey, L. M. (1944). A Hybrid Costa’s × Broad-Tailed Hummingbird. Auk 61(4):636-637.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Huggins, R. A. (1941). Egg temperatures of wild birds under natural conditions. Ecology 22(2):148-157.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Humphrey, P. S., and Parkes, K. C. (1959). An approach to the study of molts and plumages. Auk 76(1):1-31.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Hunt, G. L., Jr., and Hunt, M. W. (1974). Trophic levels and turnover rates: the avifauna of Santa Barbara Island, California. Condor 76(4):363-369.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hunter, T. A. (2008). On the role of wing sounds in hummingbird communication. Auk 125(3):532-541.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hunter, T. A., and Picman, J. (2005). Characteristics of the wing sounds of four hummingbird species that breed in Canada. Condor 107(3):570-582.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hunter, W. C. (1987). Changes in riparian vegetation and subsequent changes in aquifauna in a cattle-excluded portion of Lower Bonita Creek, Graham County, Arizona. Safford Resource District, AZ: Bureau of Land Management.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Hunter, W. C., Ohmart, R. D., and Anderson, B. W. (1987). Status of breeding riparian-obligate birds in southwestern riverine systems. Western Birds 18(1):10-18.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Hunter, W. C., Ohmart, R. D., and Anderson, B. W. (1988). Use of exotic saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) by birds in arid riparian systems. Condor 90(1):113-123.
Keywords: BCHU

Huntington, D. (1982). Results of the NMOS survey of the Sandia Mountain. New Mexico Ornithological Society Bulletin 10(3).
Keywords: LUHU

Hurlbert, A. H., Hosoi, S. A., Temeles, E. J., and Ewald, P. W. (1996). Mobility of Impatiens capensis flowers: Effect on pollen deposition and hummingbird foraging. Oecologia 105(2):243-246.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hurly, T. A. (1996). Spatial memory in Rufous Hummingbirds: Memory for rewarded and non-rewarded sites. Animal Behaviour 51(1):177-183.
Keywords: RUHU ✅


Hurly, T. A. (2003). The twin threshold model: Risk-intermediate foraging by Rufous Hummingbirds, Selasphorus rufus. Animal Behaviour 66(4):751-761.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU ❎


Hurly, T. A., and Healy, S. D. (1996). Memory for flowers in Rufous Hummingbirds: Location or local visual cues? Animal Behaviour 51(5):1149-1157.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU


Hurly, T. A., and Healy, S. D. (2002). Cue learning by Rufous Hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 28(2):209-223.
Keywords: RUHU


Hurly, T. A., and Oseen, M. D. (1999). Context-dependent, risk-sensitive foraging preferences in wild Rufous Hummingbirds. Animal Behaviour 58(1):59-66.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hurly, T. A., Scott, R. D., and Healy, S. D. (2001). The function of displays of male rufous hummingbirds. Condor 103(3):647-651.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hussell, D. J. T. (1969). Weight loss of birds during nocturnal migration. Auk 86(1):75-83.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hutcheson, C., Hendrix, L., and Moran, J. A. (2010). An isotopic analysis of migratory connectivity in Ruby-throated Hummingbirds. [Análisis isotópico de conectividad migratoria en colibríes garganta rubí]. North American Bird Bander 35(1):5-11.
Keywords: RTHU

Hutchinson, A. E., and Hutchinson, M. C. (1941). Colorado desert of California (breeding bird census). Audubon Field Notes 5:483-484. Keywords: Trochilidae
Hutto, R. L. (1980). Winter habitat distribution of the migratory land birds in western Mexico, with special reference to small foliage-gleaning insectivores, pp. 181-203 in Keast, A., and Morton, E. (editors). Migrant birds in the neotropics: Ecology, behavior, distribution, and conservation. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Keywords: BEHU


Hutto, R. L. (1989). The effect of habitat alteration on migratory land birds in a west Mexican tropical deciduous forest: A conservation perspective. Conservation Biology 3(2):138-148.
Keywords: PCST; BBIH ✅


Hutto, R. L. (1992). Habitat distributions of migratory landbird species in western Mexico, pp. 221-239 in Hagan, J. M., III, and Johnston, D. W. (editors). Ecology and conservation of neotropical migrant landbirds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Keywords: BCHU


Hutto, R. L. (1995). Can patterns of vegetation change in western Mexico explain population trends in western neotropical migrants?, pp. 48-58 in Wilson, M. H., and Sader, S. A. (editors). Conservation of Neotropical migratory birds in Mexico, vol. 727. Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, Misc. Publication 727.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hutto, R. L. (2014). Time budgets of male Calliope Hummingbirds on a dispersed lek. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 126(1):121-128.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hutto, R. L., and Patterson, D. A. (2016). Positive effects of fire on birds may appear only under narrow combinations of fire severity and time-since-fire. International Journal of Wildland Fire 25(10):1074-1085.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Hutto, R. L., and Young, J. S. (1999). Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-32.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Huxley, J. S., Webb, C. S., and Best, A. T. (1939). Temporary poikilothermy in birds. Nature 143:683-684. Keywords: Trochilidae
Ibarra-Cerdeña, C. N., Iñiguez-Dávalos, L. I., and Sánchez-Cordero, V. (2005). Pollination ecology of Stenocereus queretaroensis (Cactaceae), a chiropterophilous columnar cactus, in a tropical dry forest of Mexico. American Journal of Botany 92(3):503-509.
Keywords: BEHU; BBIH ✅


INEGI (2000). Síntesis de información geográfica del estado de Sonora [Synthesis of geographic information of the state of Sonora]. Instituto Nacional de Estradística, Geografía e Informática, Aguascalientes, México.
Keywords: Geography


Infante, S. D., Lara, C., Arizmendi, M. d. C., Eguiarte, L. E., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2016). Reproductive ecology and isolation of Psittacanthus calyculatus and P. auriculatus mistletoes (Loranthaceae). PeerJ 4:e2491.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ingels, J. (1976). Observations on some hummingbirds of Martinique. Avicultural Magazine 82:98-100. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Inouye, D. W., Calder, W. A., III, and Waser, N. M. (1991). The effect of floral abundance on feeder censuses of hummingbird populations. Condor 93(2):279-285.
Keywords: Trochilidae


International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Amazilia beryllina (Berylline Hummingbird). Keywords: BEHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Amazilia violiceps (Violet-crowned Hummingbird). Keywords: VCHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Archilochus alexandri (Black-chinned Hummingbird). Keywords: BCHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Archilochus colubris (Ruby-throated Hummingbird). Keywords: RTHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Basilinna leucotis (White-eared Hummingbird). Keywords: WEHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Calothorax lucifer (Lucifer Hummingbird). Keywords: LUHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Calypte anna (Anna’s Hummingbird). Keywords: ANHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Calypte costae (Costa’s Hummingbird). Keywords: COHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cynanthus latirostris (Broad-billed Hummingbird). Keywords: BBIH
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eugenes fulgens (Rivoli’s Hummingbird). Keywords: RIHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Heliomaster constantii (Plain-capped Starthroat). Keywords: PCST ✅
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Lampornis clemenciae (Blue-throated Hummingbird). Keywords: BTHH
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Selasphorus calliope (Calliope Hummingbird). Keywords: CAHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Selasphorus platycercus (Broad-tailed Hummingbird). Keywords: BTAH
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Selasphorus rufus (Rufous Hummingbird). Keywords: RUHU
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Selasphorus sasin (Allen’s Hummingbird). Keywords: ALHU
Irwin, R. E. (1988). The evolutionary importance of behavioural development: The ontogeny and phylogeny of bird song. Animal Behaviour 36(3):814-824.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Irwin, R. E. (2000). Hummingbird avoidance of nectar-robbed plants: Spatial location or visual cues. Oikos 91(3):499-506.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH; RUHU ✅

Irwin, R. E., and Brody, A. K. (1998). Nectar robbing in Ipomopsis aggregata: Effects on pollinator behavior and plant fitness. Oecologia 116(4):519-527.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Irwin, R. E., and Brody, A. K. (2000). Consequences of nectar robbing for realized male function in a hummingbird-pollinated plant. Ecology 81(9):2637-2643.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Irwin, R. E., and Maloof, J. E. (2002). Variation in nectar robbing over time, space and species. Oecologia 133(4):525-533.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Isleib, M. E., and Kessel, B. (1973). Birds of the north gulf coast-Prince William Sound region, Alaska. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska. Institute of Arctic Biology.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Iwaniuk, A. N., Marzban, H., Pakan, J. M. P., Watanabe, M., Hawkes, R., and Wylie, D. R. W. (2009). Compartmentation of the cerebellar cortex of hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae) revealed by the expression of zebrin II and phospholipase Cβ4. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy 37(1):55-63.
Keywords: ANHU

Iwaniuk, A. N., and Wylie, D. R. W. (2007). Neural specialization for hovering in hummingbirds: hypertrophy of the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali. Journal of Comparative Neurology 500(2):211-221.
Keywords: ANHU


James, D. A., and Neal, J. C. (1986). Arkansas birds: Their distribution and abundance. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, AR.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

James, R. L. (1948). Some hummingbird flowers east of the Mississippi. Castanea 13(3):97-109. Keywords: Trochilidae
Janzen, D. H. (1983). Costa Rican natural history. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: Reference; RIHU

Jardine, W. (1833). Ornithology. Humming birds, part 1, vol. 6. Naturalist’s library. Chatto and Windus, London.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Jardine, W. (1833). Ornithology. Humming birds, part 2, vol. 7. Naturalist’s library. Henry Bohn, London.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Jarvis, E. D., Ribeiro, S., da Silva, M. L., Ventura, D., Vielliard, J. M. E., and Mello, C. V. (2000). Behaviourally driven gene expression reveals song nuclei in hummingbird brain. Nature 406(issue):628-632.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Jeffries, J. A. (1888). A description of an apparently new species of Trochilus from California. Auk 5(2):168-169.
Keywords: ANHU; BCHU ✅

Jehl, J. R., Jr. (1977). An annotated list of birds of Islas Los Coronados, Baja California, and adjacent waters. Western Birds 8(3):91-101.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; ANHU; ALHU ✅

Jensen, J. K. (1923). Notes on the nesting birds of northern Santa Fe County, New Mexico. Auk 40(3):452-469.
Keywords: RTHU; BTAH ✅


Jiménez, R. A., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2016). Historical and current introgression in a Mesoamerican hummingbird species complex: a biogeographic perspective. PeerJ 4:e1556.
Keywords: BEHU ✅


Jimeno-Sevilla, H. D., Hernández-Ramírez, A. M., and Krömer, T. (2013). Echeveria rosea Lindley (Crassulaceae): a hummingbird dependent succulent epiphyte. Cactus and Succulent Journal 85(4):128-131.
Keywords: WEHU; RIHU ✅

Jimeno-Sevilla, H. D., Hernández-Ramírez, A. M., Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., and Marten-Rodríguez, S. (2014). Morphological and nectar traits in Echeveria rosea Lindley (Crassulaceae) linked to hummingbird pollination in central Veracruz, Mexico. Haseltonia 19:17-25.
Keywords: WEHU ✅


Jobling, J. A. (1991). A dictionary of scientific bird names. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Keywords: Reference ✅

Johnsgard, P. A. (1979). Birds of the Great Plains: Breeding species and their distribution. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Johnsgard, P. A. (1994). Arena birds: Sexual selection and behavior. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Johnsgard, P. A. (1997). The hummingbirds of North America, 2nd ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Johnsgard, P. A. (2009). Species accounts: Nighthawks, swifts, & hummingbirds, pp. 216-228 in Birds of the Rocky Mountains. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.
Keywords: RIHU; BCHU; RTHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU ✅


Johnson, A. W. (1972). Supplement to the birds of Chile and adjacent regions of Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Platt Establecimientos Gráficos, Buenos Aires.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Johnson, J. A., and Ziegler, F. R. (1978). A Violet-crowned Hummingbird in California. Western Birds 9(2):91-92.
Keywords: VCHU

Johnson, J. C. (1970). Ruby-throated Hummingbird activities. Inland Bird Banding News 44(6):211-224. Keywords: RTHU
Johnson, K., Smith, J., and Tonne, P. (2010). Habitat evaluation and surveys for listed plant and animal species at Pecos National Historical Park Pigeon’s Ranch and Cañoncito subunits. Albuquerque, NM: Natural Heritage New Mexico, University of New Mexico. NHNM Publication Number 10-GTR-348
Keywords: Trochilidae

Johnson, N. K. (1965). The breeding avifaunas of the Sheep and Spring ranges in southern Nevada. Condor 67(2):93-124.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Johnson, N. K., and Garrett, K. L. (1974). Interior bird species expand breeding ranges into southern California. Western Birds 5(2):45-56.
Keywords: BTAH

Johnson, O. W. (1968). Some morphological features of avian kidneys. Auk 85(2):216-228.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Johnson, O. W., and Mugaas, J. N. (1970). Some histological features of avian kidneys. Developmental Dynamics 127(4):423-435.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Johnson, R., Stritch, L., Olwell, P., Lambert, S., Horning, M. E., and Cronn, R. (2010). What are the best seed sources for ecosystem restoration on BLM and USFS lands? Native Plants Journal 11(2):117-131.
Keywords: Biota ❎


Johnson, R. R., and Haight, L. T. (1985). Avian use of xeroriparian ecosystems in the North American warm deserts, pp. 156-160 in Johnson, R. R., Ziebell, C. D., Patton, D. R., Ffolliott, P. F., and Hamre, R. H. (editors). Riparian ecosystems and their management: Reconciling conflicting uses. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-GTR-120, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Johnson, R. R., Haight, L. T., Riffey, M. M., and Simpson, J. M. (1980). Brushland/steppe bird populations, pp. 98-112 in DeGraff, R. M., and Tilgham, N. G. (editors). Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds. General Technical Report INT-86. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Johnson, R. R., Haight, L. T., and Simpson, J. M. (1977). Endangered species vs. endangered habitats: A concept. Proceedings of the Symposium on Importance, Preservation, and Management of the Riparian Habitat, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: VCHU; LUHU

Johnson, R. R., and Jones, D. A. (1977). Importance, preservation, and management of riparian habitat: A symposium. Ft. Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-43.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Johnson, R. R., and McCormick, J. F. (1979). Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other riparian ecosystems. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. General Technical Report WO-12.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Johnson, T. (1987). Violet-crowned Hummingbird. Wildlife Views 30(7):6. Keywords: VCHU ❌
Johnson, T. H., and Wauer, R. H. (1996). Avifaunal response to the 1977 La Mesa fire, pp. 70-94 in Allen, C. D. (editor) Proceedings of the 1994 La Mesa fire symposium. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimental Station, General Technical Report RM-GTR-286, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae; Biota ✅


Johnston, D. W. (1949). Populations and distribution of summer birds of Latah County, Idaho. Condor 51(3):140-149.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Johnston López, K., Macías Duarte, A., and Castillo Gámez, R. A. (2015). Aves urbanas en el Desierto Sonorense: Estimando densidades poblacionales a partir de conteos de puntos. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 16(1):37-47.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Johnston, M. O. (1991). Natural selection on floral traits in two species of Lobelia with different pollinators. Evolution 45(6):1468-1479.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Johnston, V. R. (1943). An ecological study of nesting birds in the vicinity of Boulder, Colorado. Condor 45(2):61-68.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Jones, E. G. (1992). Color variation in maturing male Rufous Hummingbirds. North American Bird Bander 17(3):119-120.
Keywords: RUHU

Jones, E. G. (1993). Throat patterns of female Rufous Hummingbirds. North American Bird Bander 18(1):13-14.
Keywords: RUHU

Jones, L., and Dawson, W. L. (1900). The horizons (A summer reconnaissance in the West). Wilson Bulletin 12(4):10-38.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Jones, R. M., and Rosenberg, G. H. (2000). Arizona. North American Birds 54(2):206-209.
Keywords: VCHU

Jones, W. D., Jones, C. M., Ffolliott, P. F., and Gottfried, G. J. (2005). Abundance of birds in the oak savannas of the southwestern United States, pp. 523-524 in Gottfried, G. J., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago II. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-36, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota
Trochilidae


Trochilidae
Jouy, P. L. (1894). Notes on birds of central Mexico, with descriptions of forms believed to be new. Proceedings of the Unites States National Museum 16(975):771-791.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Justino, D. G., Maruyama, P. K., and Oliveira, P. E. (2011). Floral resource availability and hummingbird territorial behavior on a Neotropical savanna shrub. Journal of Ornithology 153(1):189-197.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Karasov, W. H., Phan, D., Diamond, J. M., and Carpenter, F. L. (1986). Food passage and intestinal nutrient absorption in hummingbirds. Auk 103(3):453-464.
Keywords: ANHU

Kartesz, J. T., and Wilson, H. D. (1998). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Biota of North America Program. Keywords: BCHU
Kattan, G., and Murcia, C. (1985). Hummingbird association with Acorn Woodpecker sap trees in Colombia. Condor 87(4):542-543.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Kaufman, K. (1990). A field guide to advanced birding: Birding challenges and how to approach them. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Kaufman, K. (1992). Lucifer Hummingbird identification. American Birds 46(3):491-494.
Keywords: LUHU

Kaufman, K. (2001). Lives of North American birds. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kaufman, L. H. (2008). Hummingbirds of the American West. Rio Nuevo Publishers, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Keddy, P. A. (2001). Competitive hierarchies, pp. 203-240 in Competition. Springer, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Keeler, C. A. (1891). Geographical distribution of land birds in California. Zoe 1(11):337-343.
Keywords: ALHU ✅

Kellermann, J. L. (2012). Spatiotemporal and phenological patterns of bird migration and the influence of climate and disturbance in the Madrean Sky Island Archipelago and North American southwest. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: BEHU ✅

Kelly, J. F., and Finch, D. M. (1999). Use of saltcedar vegetation by landbirds migrating through the Bosque Del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, pp. 222-230 in Finch, D. M., Whitney, J. C., Kelly, J. F., and Loftin, S. R. (editors). Rio Grande Ecosystems: Linking Land, Water, and People. Proceedings of the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. RMRS-P-7.. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: BCHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU ✅


Kelly, J. W. (1955). History of the nesting of an Anna Hummingbird. Condor 57(6):347-353.
Keywords: ANHU ✅


Kendeigh, S. C. (1969). Tolerance of cold and Bergmann’s rule. Auk 86(1):13-25.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Kennard, J. H. (1975). Longevity records of North American birds. Bird Banding 46(1):55-73.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Kennerly, C. B. R. (1856). Part VI. Report on the zoology of the expedition. No. 1. Field notes and explanations.. Pacific Railroad Reports. A.O.P. Nicholson, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Kennerly, C. B. R. (1859). Vol. 10. Part 6. Report of explorations for a railway route (near the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude) from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. No. 3. Report upon the birds of the route, vol. X. Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Kessler, D., Kallenbach, M., Diezel, C., Rothe, E., Murdock, M., and Baldwin, I. T. (2015). How scent and nectar influence floral antagonists and mutualists. Elife 4:e07641.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Kesterson, O. J., and Kesterson, C. A. (1999). Praying mantis preys on hummingbird. Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society 32(4):31-32.
Keywords: RTHU

Ketz-Riley, C. J., and Sanchez, C. R. (2014). Trochiliformes (Hummingbirds), pp. 209-213 in Miller, R. E., and Fowler, M. E. (editors). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, vol. 8, vol. 8. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kevan, P. G., St. Helens, S. D., and Baker, I. (1983). Hummingbirds feeding from exudates on diseased scrub oak. Condor 85(2):251-252.
Keywords: BTAH; RUHU ✅


Kiff, L. F., and Hough, D. J. (1985). Inventory of bird egg collections of North America, 1985. American Ornithologists’ Union and Oklahoma Biological Survey, Norman, OK.
Keywords: ALHU; ANHU; BBIH; BCHU; BEHU; BTAH; BTHH; CAHU; COHU; LUHU; PCST; RIHU; RTHU; RUHU; VCHU; WEHU; Trochilidae ✅


Kilham, L. (1953). Warblers, hummingbird, and sapsucker feeding on sap of yellow birch. Wilson Bulletin 65(3):198.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Kim, E. J., Wolf, M., Ortega-Jimenez, V. M., Cheng, S. H., and Dudley, R. (2014). Hovering performance of Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna) in ground effect. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11(98):20140505.
Keywords: ANHU; Trochilidae ✅


Kim, W., Gilet, T., and Bush, J. W. M. (2011). Optimal concentrations in nectar feeding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(40):16618-16621.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Kim, W., Gilet, T., and Bush, J. W. M. (2012). Reply to Rico-Guevara and Rubega: Nectar loading in hummingbirds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(15):E868.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Kim, W., Peaudecerf, F., Baldwin, M. W., and Bush, J. W. M. (2012). The hummingbird’s tongue: a self-assembling capillary syphon. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences:rspb20121837.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


King, J. R. (1974). Seasonal allocation of time and energy resources in birds, pp. 4-70 in Paynter, R. A. (editor) Avian energetics. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kingery, H. E. (1998). Colorado breeding bird atlas. Colorado Bird Atlas Partnership, Denver, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kingsolver, J. G., and Daniel, T. L. (1983). Mechanical determinants of nectar feeding strategy in hummingbirds: Energetics, tongue morphology, and licking behavior. Oecologia 60(2):214-226.
Keywords: Trochilidae; ANHU

Kirkpatrick, C., and Conway, C. J. (2005). Reproductive success and habitat associations of riparian birds within the sky island mountains of southeastern Arizona. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Wildlife Research Report #2005-07.
Keywords: BTAH; RIHU ✅

Kirkpatrick, C., Conway, C. J., and Jones, P. B. (2006). Distribution and relative abundance of forest birds in relation to burn severity in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4):1005-1012.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kirwan, G. M., and Green, G. (2012). Cotingas and manakins. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Kitchin, E. A. (1939). A distributional check-list of the birds of Mount Rainier National Park. Murrelet 20(2):27-37.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Klimkiewicz, M. K., and Futcher, A. G. (1989). Longevity records of North American birds supplement 1 (Registros de longevidad en aves de Norte América: Primer suplemento). Journal of Field Ornithology 60(4):469-494.
Keywords: RTHU; ANHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU ✅

Klopfer, P. H., and Hailman, J. P. (1965). Habitat selection in birds. Advances in the Study of Behavior 1:279-303.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Knopf, F. L. (1985). Significance of riparian vegetation to breeding birds across an altitudinal cline. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report, RM-120.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kobelkowsky-Vidrio, T., Ríos-Muñoz, C. A., and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2014). Biodiversity and biogeography of the avifauna of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Biodiversity and conservation 23(8):2087-2105.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Kodric-Brown, A., and Brown, J. H. (1978). Influence of economics, interspecific competition, and sexual dimorphism on territoriality of migrant Rufous Hummingbirds. Ecology 59(2):285-296.
Keywords: RUHU


Kodric-Brown, A., and Brown, J. H. (1979). Competition between distantly related taxa in the coevolution of plants and pollinators. American Zoologist 19(4):1115-1127.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Kodric-Brown, A., Brown, J. H., Byers, G. S., and Gori, D. F. (1984). Organization of a tropical island community of hummingbirds and flowers. Ecology 65(5):1358-1368.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Komar, O. (2002). Birds of Montecristo National Park, El Salvador. Ornitología Neotropical 13(2):167-194.
Keywords: BEHU

Komar, O. (2006). Ecology and conservation of birds in coffee plantations: A critical review. Bird Conservation International 16(1):1-23.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Komar, O., O’Shea, B. J., Peterson, A. T., and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2005). Evidence of latitudinal sexual segregation among migratory birds wintering in Mexico. Auk 122(3):938-948.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Köster, F., and Stoewesand, H. (1973). Schildläuse als Honigtaulieferanten für Kolibris und Insekten. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 24(1/2):15-23.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kratter, A. W. (1991). First nesting record for Williamson’s Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus) in Baja California, Mexico, and comments on the biogeography of the fauna of the Sierra San Pedro Martír. Southwestern Naturalist 36(2):247-250.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kratter, A. W. (1992). Montane avian biogeography in southern California and Baja California. Journal of Biogeography 19(3):269-283.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kratter, A. W. (2011). First record of White-eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis) for Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 39(2):52-55.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Krausman, P. R., and Smith, N. S. (1990). Managing wildlife in the Southwest: Proceedings of the symposium, 16-18 October 1990, Tucson, Arizona. Arizona Chapter, Wildlife Society, Phoenix, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kreger, M., Schmidt, P., Chu, M., and King, A. F. (2011). The state of the birds 2011 report on public lands and waters: United States of America. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Publications, vol. 397.. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Publications.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Kroesen, K., and Wilbor, S. L. (2006). Sabino Creek Important Bird Area: A habitat guide for landowners.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Kroodsma, D. E., Vielliard, J. M. E., and Stiles, F. G. (1996). Study of bird sounds in the Neotropics: Urgency and opportunity, pp. 269-281 in Kroodsma, D. E., and Miller, E. H. (editors). Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Krueper, D. J., Bart, J., and Rich, T. D. (2003). Response of vegetation and breeding birds to the removal of cattle on the San Pedro River, Arizona (U.S.A.). Conservation Biology 17(2):607-615.
Keywords: BCHU ✅


Krüger, K., Prinzinger, R., and Schuchmann, K.-L. (1982). Torpor and metabolism in hummingbirds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 73(4):679-689.
Keywords: BCHU

Kruyt, J. W., Quicazán-Rubio, E. M., van Heijst, G. F., Altshuler, D. L., and Lentink, D. (2014). Hummingbird wing efficacy depends on aspect ratio and compares with helicopter rotors. Journal of the Royal Society: Interface 11(99):20140585.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Kuban, J. F., Jr. (1989). The pollination biology of two populations of the Big Bend century plant, Agave havardiana Trel.: A multiple pollinator syndrome with floral specialization for vertebrate pollinators. Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Kuban, J. F., Jr., Lawley, J., and Neill, R. L. (1983). The partitioning of flowering century plants by Black-chinned and Lucifer hummingbirds. Southwestern Naturalist 28(2):143-148.
Keywords: LUHU; BCHU

Kuban, J. F., Jr., and Neill, R. L. (1980). Feeding ecology of hummingbirds in the highlands of the Chisos Mountains, Texas. Condor 82(2):180-185.
Keywords: RIHU; LUHU

Kulbaba, M. W., and Worley, A. C. (2008). Floral design in Polemonium brandegei (Polemoniaceae): Genetic and phenotypic variation under hawkmoth and hummingbird pollination. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169(4):509-522.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Kutac, E. A. (1989). Birder’s guide to Texas. Lone Star Books, Houston, TX.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Lacey, H. (1911). The birds of Kerrville, Texas, and vicinity. Auk 28(2):200-219.
Keywords: RTHU; BCHU ✅

Lack, D. (1973). The numbers of species of hummingbirds in the West Indies. Evolution 27(2):326-337.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Lack, D. L. (1968). Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. Chapman and Hall, London.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae ❓

Lack, D. L. (1976). Island biology: Illustrated by the land birds of Jamaica. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Lamberton, K., and Garton, J. (2003). Chiricahua mountains: Bridging the borders of wildness. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: LUHU

Lammertink, J. M., Rojas-Tomé, J. A., Casillas-Orona, F. M., and Otto, R. L. (1996). Status and conservation of old-growth forests and endemic birds in the pine-oak zone of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens 69(1):1-89.
Keywords: Biota ❎

Land, H. C. (1970). Birds of Guatemala. Livingston Publishing, Wynnewood, PA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Landres, P. B., and MacMahon, J. A. (1980). Guilds and community organization: Analysis of an oak woodland avifauna in Sonora, Mexico. Auk 97(2):351-365.
❎

Landres, P. B., and MacMahon, J. A. (1983). Community organization of arboreal birds in some oak woodlands of western North America. Ecological Monographs 53(2):183-208.
❎

Landry, F., Perreault, M., and Plowright, C. M. S. (2004). Use of visual cues in artificial flower choice by hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris): Color or shape? Bird Behavior 16(1):27-33. Keywords: Trochilidae ✅
Lange, R. S. (1999). Hummingbird and Penstemon interactions in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. MA thesis, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Lange, R. S., Scobell, S. A., and Scott, P. E. (2000). Hummingbird-syndrome traits, breeding system, and pollinator effectiveness in two syntopic Penstemon species. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161(2):253-263.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH; RUHU ✅

Lange, R. S., and Scott, P. E. (1999). Hummingbird and bee pollination of Penstemon pseudospectabilis. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 126(2):99-106.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BCHU; BTAH; RUHU; COHU ✅

Lange, R. S., and Scott, P. E. (2001). Passerine and hummingbird visitation to two southwestern agaves. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 33(2):93-97. Keywords: BTAH; RIHU; RUHU ✅
Langland, K. M., Powers, D. R., and Wethington, S. M. (2013). Use of infrared thermography to measure body-surface heat dissipation in free-living hummingbirds. Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, San Francisco, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH; BBIH; BCHU ✅


Lanning, D. V. (1981). The vertebrates of San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona. Report No. 14-16-0002-81-213.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU; RIHU; BTHH ✅

Lara, C. (2004). Risks and costs of interactions between plants and hummingbirds. Ornitología Neotropical 15(Supplement):199-204.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lara, C. (2006). Temporal dynamics of flower use by hummingbirds in a highland temperate forest in Mexico. Ecoscience 13(1):23-29.
Keywords: ALHU; RUHU; BTAH; RTHU; BTHH; RIHU; WEHU ✅


Lara, C. (2008). Antagonists and the risk-sensitivity in hummingbirds: Experimental tests. Ornitología Neotropical 19(Supplement):485-490.
Keywords: Trochilidae; WEHU ❎

Lara, C., Gómez, L., Valero, A., Ortíz-Pulido, R., and Castillo-Guevara, C. (2013). Risk indifference in White-eared Hummingbirds (Hylocharis leucotis) confronting multiple foraging options [Indiferencia al riesgo en colibríes oreji-blanca (Hylocharis leucotis) enfrentados a opciones multiples de forrajeo]. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84(2):630-636.
Keywords: Trochilidae; WEHU ❎


Lara, C., Gonzalez, J. M., and Hudson, R. (2009). Observational learning in the White-eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis): Experimental evidence. Ethology 115(9):872-878.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lara, C., Lumbreras, K., and González, M. (2009). Niche partitioning among hummingbirds foraging on Penstemon roseus (Plantaginaceae) in central Mexico. Ornitología Neotropical 20(1):81-92.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RTHU; RIHU; WEHU; BTHH; RUHU; BTAH; ALHU ✅

Lara, C., Martínez-García, V., Ortiz-Pulido, R., Bravo-Cadena, J., Loranca, S., and Córdoba-Aguilar, A. (2011). Temporal-spatial segregation among hummingbirds foraging on honeydew in a temperate forest in Mexico. Current Zoology 57(1):56-62.
Keywords: RIHU; LUHU


Lara, C., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2001). Preferential nectar robbing of flowers with long corollas: experimental studies of two hummingbird species visiting three plant species. Oecologia 128(2):263-273.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lara, C., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2002). Effects of nectar theft by flower mites on hummingbird behavior and the reproductive success of their host plant, Moussonia deppeana (Gesneriaceae). Oikos 96(3):470-480.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Lara, C., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2002). Flower mites and nectar production in six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities. Canadian Journal of Botany 80(11):1216-1229.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Lara, C., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2008). Pollination ecology of Penstemon roseus (Plantaginaceae), an endemic perennial shifted toward hummingbird specialization? Plant Systematics and Evolution 271(3):223-237.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lara, C., Pérez, G., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2009). Provenance, guts, and fate: Field and experimental evidence in a host-mistletoe-bird system. Ecoscience 16(3):399-407.
Keywords: LUHU


Lara-Rodríguez, N. Z., Díaz-Valenzuela, R., Martínez-García, V., Mauricio-Lopéz, E., Anaid-Díaz, S., Valle, O. I., Fisher-de León, A. D., Lara, C., and Ortiz-Pulido, R. (2012). Redes de interacción colibrí-planta del centro-este de México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 83(2):569-577.
Keywords: LUHU

Larimer, J. L., and Dudley, R. (1995). Accelerational implications of hummingbird display dives. Auk 112(4):1064-1066.
Keywords: LUHU


Larson, M., and Moir, W. H. (1986). Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of southern New Mexico and central Arizona (north of the Mogollon Rim). Albuquerque, NM: USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region.
Keywords: Biota ✅


Lasiewski, R. C. (1962). The energetics of migrating hummingbirds. Condor 64(4):324.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lasiewski, R. C. (1963). Oxygen consumption of torpid, resting, active, and flying hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 36(2):122-140.
Keywords: ANHU


Lasiewski, R. C. (1964). Body temperatures, heart and breathing rate, and evaporative water loss in hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 37(2):212-223.
Keywords: ANHU

Lasiewski, R. C., and Dawson, W. R. (1967). A re-examination of the relation between standard metabolic rate and body weight in birds. Condor 69(1):13-23.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lasiewski, R. C., Galey, F. R., and Vasquez, C. (1965). Morphology and physiology of the pectoral muscles of hummingbirds. Nature 206(4982):404-405.
Keywords: ANHU


Lasiewski, R. C., and Lasiewski, R. J. (1967). Physiological responses of the Blue-throated and Rivoli’s hummingbirds. Auk 84(1):34-48.
Keywords: VCHU

Lasiewski, R. C., Weathers, W. W., and Bernstein, M. H. (1967). Physiological responses of the giant hummingbird, Patagona gigas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 23(3):797-813.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Laudenslayer, W. F., Jr., and Balda, R. P. (1976). Breeding bird use of a pinyon-juniper-ponderosa pine ecotone. Auk 93(3):571-586.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Laughlin, S. B., and Kibbe, D. P. (1985). The atlas of breeding birds of Vermont. Vermont Institute of Natural Science, Quechee, VT.
Keywords: RTHU

Laverty, T. M., and Plowright, R. C. (1985). Competition between hummingbirds and bumble bees for nectar in flowers of Impatiens biflora. Oecologia 66(1):25-32.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lawrence, G. N. (1867). Descriptions of new species of American birds. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 8(46):466-482.
Keywords: RIHU ✅

Lawrence, G. N. (1871). Descriptions of three new species of American birds, with a note on Eugenes spectabilis. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 10:137-140.
Keywords: RIHU ✅

Lawrence, G. N. (1874). Birds of western and northwestern Mexico, based upon collections made by Col. A.J. Grayson, Capt. J. Xantus, and Ferd. Bischoff, now in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 2(3):265-319.
Keywords: LUHU; BBIH ✅


Lawrence, G. N. (1877). Note on Doricha enicura (Vieill.). Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 2(4):108-109.
Keywords: LUHU ✅

Lawton, J. H. (1989). What is the relationship between population density and body size in animals? Oikos 55(3):429-434.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lazaroff, D. W. (1995). The secret lives of hummingbirds. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lazarus, J. (1972). Natural selection and the functions of flocking in birds: A reply to Murton. Ibis 114(4):556-558.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lea, R. B., and Edwards, E. P. (1950). Notes on birds of the Lake Patzcuaro region, Michoacan, Mexico. Condor 52(6):260-271.
Keywords: LUHU; WEHU; BBIH ✅


Leahy, C. W. (2004). The birdwatcher’s companion to North American birdlife. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Leal-Sandoval, A., Fonseca-Parra, J., and Castillo-Guerrero, J. A. (2009). Noteworthy bird records from central Sinaloa, Mexico. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 10(2):63-65.
Keywords: CAHU ✅

Leberman, R. C. (1972). Identify, sex, and age it: Key to age and sex determination of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds in autumn. Inland Bird-banding News 44:197-202. Keywords: RTHU ❌
Leck, C. F. (1973). Dominance relationships in nectar-feeding birds at St. Croix. Auk 90(2):431-432.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Ledneva, A., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Primack, R. B., and Imbres, C. (2004). Climate change as reflected in a naturalist’s diary, Middleborough, Massachusetts. Wilson Bulletin 116(3):224-231.
Keywords: RTHU ✅


Lee, M.-B., and Rotenberry, J. T. (2015). Effects of land use on riparian birds in a semiarid region. Journal of Arid Environments 119:61-69.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lee, M. H. (1920). Notes on a few birds of the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Condor 22(5):171-172.
Keywords: BCHU ❎

Legg, K., and Pitelka, F. A. (1956). Ecologic overlap of Allen and Anna hummingbirds nesting at Santa Cruz, California. Condor 58(6):393-405.
Keywords: ANHU


LeGrand, H. E., Jr. (2007). First record of Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) for North Carolina. Chat 71(2):34-35.
Keywords: BBIH ✅

Lehman, P. E. (1994). The birds of Santa Barbara County, California. Vertebrate Museum, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA.
Keywords: COHU

Lehman, W. (2008). Environmental assessment of the Malpai Borderlands habitat conservation plan. AESO/SE 22410-2006-F-0408. Phoenix, AZ: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Keywords: LUHU

Leider, A. L. (1990). Factors influencing courtship success in male Calliope Hummingbirds (Stellula calliope). M.A. thesis, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Keywords: CAHU


Leidolf, A., Wolfe, M. L., and Pendleton, R. L. (2000). Bird communities of Gambel oak: A descriptive analysis. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-48.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lenard, S. l., Carlson, J., Ellis, J., Jones, C., and Tilly, C. (2003). P.D. Skaar’s Montana bird distribution, 6th ed. Montana Audubon, Helena, MT.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae; RTHU; BCHU; ANHU; COHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU ✅



Leseigneur, C. D. C. (2010). The feeding response of white-bellied sunbirds (Cinnyris [Nectarinia] talatala) to sugar concentration and viscosity of artificial nectar. M.Sc. dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, SA.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lesson, R. P. (1829). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches: ouvrage orné de planches dessinées et gravées par les meilleurs artistes. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Lesson, R. P. (1830). Histoire naturelle des colibris : suivie d’un supplément à l’Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches: ouvrage orné de planches dessinées et gravées par les meilleurs artistes : et dédié A.M. le Baron Cuvier. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Lesson, R. P. (1832). Les trochilidées: ou, Les colibris et les oiseaux-mouches, suivis d’un Index général, dans lequel sont décrites et classées méthodiquement toutes les races et espèces du genre Trochilus, vol. 1. A. Bertrand, Paris, FR.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Lesson, R. P. (1843). Amazilia. L’Écho du monde savant et l’Hermès : journal analytique des nouvelles et des cours scientifiques 10(134):757.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Leu, M., and Knick, S. (2006). Wintering ecology of shrubland birds: Linking landscape and habitat. Boise, ID: United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division Project 05-241 Annual Progress Report
Keywords: Trochilidae


Levey, D. J., and Stiles, F. G. (1992). Evolutionary precursors of long-distance migration: Resource availability and movement patterns in neotropical landbirds. American Naturalist 140(3):447-476.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Levin, G. A., and Mulroy, T. W. (1985). Floral morphology, nectar production, and breeding systems in Dudleya subgenus Dudleya (Crassulaceae). Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 21(3):57-70.
Keywords: COHU

Levy, S. H. (1958). A possible United States breeding area for the Violet-crowned Hummingbird. Auk 75(3):350-350.
Keywords: VCHU

Lewis, J. B. (1926). The re-use of old nest material by the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher and Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Wilson Bulletin 38(1):37-38.
Keywords: RTHU

Licona-Vera, Y., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2014). Genetic, ecological and morphological divergence between populations of the endangered Mexican Sheartail Hummingbird (Doricha eliza). PloS one 9(7):1-14.
Keywords: LUHU

Licona-Vera, Y., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2017). The conquering of North America: Dated phylogenetic and biogeographic inference of migratory behavior in bee hummingbirds. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17(1):126.
Keywords: LUHU


Ligon, J. S. (1961). New Mexico birds and where to find them. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Lima, S. L. (1991). Energy, predators and the behavior of feeding hummingbirds. Evolutionary Ecology 5(3):220-230.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU

Lincoln, F. C. (1917). Some notes of the birds of Rock Canyon, Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 29(2):65-73.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; BTAH

Lindsay, G. E. (1962). The Belvedere expedition to the Gulf of California. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 13(1):1-44.
Keywords: Reference; History

Linhart, Y. B. (1973). Ecological and behavioral determinants of pollen dispersal in hummingbird-pollinated Heliconia. American Naturalist 107(956):511-523.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Linhart, Y. B., Busby, W. H., Beach, J. H., and Feinsinger, P. (1987). Forager behavior, pollen dispersal, and inbreeding in two species of hummingbird-pollinated plants. Evolution 41(3):679-682.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Linhart, Y. B., Feinsinger, P., Beach, J. H., Busby, W. H., Murray, K. G., Zuchowski Pounds, W., Kinsman, S., Guindon, C. A., and Kooiman, M. (1987). Disturbance and predictability of flowering patterns in bird-pollinated cloud forest plants. Ecology 68(6):1696-1710.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Lockwood, M. W. (1998). Texas Bird Records Committee report for 1997. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 31(2):50-62.
Keywords: VCHU

Lockwood, M. W. (2000). Texas bird records report for 1999. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 33(2):13-22.
Keywords: VCHU

Lockwood, M. W. (2001). Texas bird records committee report for 2001. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 34(1):1-4.
Keywords: VCHU

Lockwood, M. W. (2008). Occurence of presumed Lucifer × Black-chinned hummingbirds in Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 41(1):1-4.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lockwood, M. W. (2010). Texas bird records committee report for 2009. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 43(1-2):53-60.
Keywords: BEHU

Lockwood, M. W. (2012). Two recent additions to the breeding avifauna of the Guadalupe Mountains, Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 45(1-2):43.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lockwood, M. W., and Freeman, B. (2004). The Texas Ornithological Society handbook of Texas birds. Texas A & M Publishing, College Station, TX.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Loddiges, G. (1832). Characters of four new species of humming-birds from Popayan, in the collection of John Gould. Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 2:6-7.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Lodge, G. E. (1896). Notes on some of the West Indian hummingbirds. Ibis ser.7:2(8):495-519.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Loftin, S. R., Aguilar, R., Chung-MacCoubrey, A. L., and Robbie, W. (1995). Desert grassland and shrubland ecosystems, pp. 80-94 in Finch, D. M., and Tainter, J. A. (editors). Ecology, Diversity, and Sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-GTR-268. USDA Forest Service, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Loiselle, B. A., and Blake, J. G. (1991). Temporal variation in birds and fruits along an elevational gradient in Costa Rica. Ecology 72(1):180-193.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Long, K. (1997). Hummingbirds: A wildlife handbook. Johnson Books, Boulder, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae

López, K. J., Duarte, A. M., and Gámez, R. A. C. (2015). Urban birds in the Sonoran Desert: estimating population density from point counts. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 16(1):37-47.
Keywords: Trochilidae


López-Calleja, M. V., Bozinovic, F., and Martínez del Rio, C. (1997). Effects of sugar concentration on hummingbird feeding and energy use. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 118(4):1291-1299.
Keywords: Trochilidae


López-Segoviano, G., and Arizmendi, M. d. C. (2017). Hummingbird foraging preferences under natural and experimental conditions. PeerJ 5:e2776v2771.
Keywords: Trochilidae


López-Segoviano, G., Bribiesca, R., and Arizmendi, M. D. C. (2017). The role of size and dominance in the feeding behaviour of coexisting hummingbirds. Ibis.
Keywords: Trochilidae

López-Sepulcre, A., and Kokko, H. (2005). Territorial defense, territory size, and population regulation. American Naturalist 166(3):317-325.
Keywords: Reference ❎


Lorenz, S. (2007). Carolina mantid (Stagmomantis carolina) captures and feeds on a Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus). Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 40:37-38.
Keywords: BTAH; Trochilidae

Lotz, C. N., and Martínez del Rio, C. (2004). The ability of rufous hummingbirds Selasphorus rufus to dilute and concentrate urine. Journal of Avian Biology 35(1):54-62.
Keywords: RUHU

Lotz, C. N., Martínez del Rio, C., and Nicolson, S. W. (2003). Hummingbirds pay a high cost for a warm drink. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173(6):455-462.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lotz, C. N., and Schondube, J. E. (2006). Sugar preferences in nectar-and fruit-eating birds: behavioral patterns and physiological causes. Biotropica 38(1):3-15.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lowe, C. H., Jr. (1961). Biotic communities in the sub-Mogollon region of the inland Southwest. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 2(1):40-49.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Lowe, C. H., Jr. (1964). Arizona’s natural environment: Landscapes and habitats, pp. 1-110 in Lowe, C. H., Jr. (editor) The vertebrates of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Biota

Lowe, P. O., Ffolliott, P. F., Dieterich, J. H., and Patton, D. R. (1978). Determining potential wildlife benefits from wildfire in Arizona ponderosa pine forests. Ft. Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-52.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lowery, G. H., Jr. (1938). Hummingbird in a Pigeon Hawk’s stomach. Auk 55(2):280.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Lowery, G. H., Jr. (1974). Louisiana birds, 3rd ed. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RUHU; BTAH; RTHU ❓

Lucas, F. A. (1891). On the structure of the tongue in humming birds. Proceedings of the Unites States National Museum 14(848):167-172.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Lusk, R. D. (1899). New nesting location of Rivoli Hummer (Eugenes fulgens). Osprey 3(9):140-141.
Keywords: RIHU

Luther, J. S., McCaskie, G., and Dunn, J. (1979). Third report of the California Bird Records Committee. Western Birds 10(4):169-187.
Keywords: VCHU

Lyerly, S. B., Riess, B. F., and Ross, S. (1950). Color preference in the Mexican Violet-eared Hummingbird, Calibri T. thalassinus (Swainson) Behaviour 2(1):237-248.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Lynch, J. F., and Ames, P. L. (1970). A new hybrid hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri × Selasphorus sasin. Condor 72(2):209-212.
Keywords: BCHU


Lynch, J. F., and Johnson, N. K. (1974). Turnover and equilibria in insular avifaunas, with special reference to the California Channel Islands. Condor 76(4):370-384.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU ✅


Lyon, D. L. (1973). Territorial and feeding activity of Broad-Tailed Hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) in Iris missouriensis. Condor 75(3):346-349.
Keywords: LUHU; BTAH


Lyon, D. L. (1976). A montane hummingbird territorial system in Oaxaca, Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 88(2):280-299.
Keywords: RIHU

Lyon, D. L., and Chadek, C. (1971). Exploitation of nectar resources by hummingbirds, bees (Bombus), and Diglossa baritula and its role in the evolution of Penstemon kunthii. Condor 73(2):246-248.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Lyon, D. L., Crandall, J., and McKone, M. (1977). A test of the adaptiveness of interspecific territoriality in the Blue-throated Hummingbird. Auk 94(3):448-454.
Keywords: RIHU; BTHH

Mac Arthur, R. H. (1959). On the breeding distribution pattern of North American migrant birds. Auk 76(3):318-325.
Keywords: Reference ❎


MacArthur, R. H., and Levins, R. (1964). Competition, habitat selection, and character displacement in a patchy environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 51(6):1207-1210.
Keywords: Reference ❎


MacGregor-Fors, I. (2008). Relation between habitat attributes and bird richness in a western Mexico suburb. Landscape and Urban Planning 84(1):92-98.
Keywords: BBIH; WEHU; BEHU ❎


MacGregor-Fors, I., Blanco-García, A., and Lindig-Cisneros, R. (2010). Bird community shifts related to different forest restoration efforts: a case study from a managed habitat matrix in Mexico. Ecological Engineering 36(10):1492-1496.
Keywords: Trochilidae

MacGregor-Fors, I., Morales-Pérez, L., Quesada, J., and Schondube, J. E. (2010). Relationship between the presence of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Neotropical bird community structure and diversity. Biological invasions 12(1):87.
Keywords: VCHU

MacGregor-Fors, I., Morales-Pérez, L., and Schondube, J. E. (2011). Does size really matter? Species–area relationships in human settlements. Diversity and Distributions 17(1):112-121.
Keywords: VCHU; BEHU; BBIH; PCST ❎


MacGregor-Fors, I., and Schondube, J. E. (2011). Use of tropical dry forests and agricultural areas by Neotropical bird communities. Biotropica 43(3):365-370.
Keywords: BBIH; VCHU; PCST ✅


Macior, L. W. (1986). Floral resource sharing by bumblebees and hummingbirds in Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae) pollination. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 113(2):101-109.
Keywords: Trochilidae

MacKinnon, D., and Freedman, B. (1993). Effects of silvicultural use of the herbicide glyphosate on breeding birds of regenerating clearcuts in Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Applied Ecology 30(3):395-406.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Maclean, G. L. (1996). The ecophysiology of desert birds. Adaptations of desert organisms. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


MacMillen, R. E., and Carpenter, F. L. (1977). Daily energy costs and body weight in nectarivorous birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 56(3):439-441.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Maestas, J. D., Knight, R. L., and Gilgert, W. C. (2003). Biodiversity across a rural land-use gradient. Conservation Biology 17(5):1425-1434.
Keywords: BTAH ❎


Magaña G., K. C., Vázquez-García, J. A., González Gallegos, J. G., and Bustos, O. R. (2008). Visitantes florales en Agave valenciana Cházaro y A. Vázquez (Agavaceae) en Mascota, Jalisco, México. Scientia 10(1-2):1-6.
Keywords: VCHU; BBIH; BEHU ✅

Mailliard, J. W. (1899). Spring notes on the birds of Santa Cruz Island, California, April, 1898. Condor 1(3):41-45.
Keywords: ANHU; ALHU ✅


Mailliard, J. W. (1913). Some curious nesting places of the Allen Hummingbird on the Rancho San Geronimo. Condor 15(6):205-207.
Keywords: ALHU ✅

Mailliard, J. W. (1921). Notes on the nesting of the Yosemite Fox Sparrow, Calliope Hummingbird and Western Wood Pewee at Lake Tahoe, California. Condor 23(3):73-77.
Keywords: CAHU ✅


Mallock, A. (1911). Note on the iridescent colours of birds and insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 85(582):598-605.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Maloof, J. E. (2000). Reproductive biology of a North American subalpine plant: Corydalis caseana A. Gray ssp. brandegei (S. Watson) GB Ownbey. Plant Species Biology 15(3):281-288.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Malpica, A., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2014). Postglacial northward expansion and genetic differentiation between migratory and sedentary populations of the Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus). Molecular Ecology 23(2):435-452.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Manzano-Fischer, P., List, R., Ceballos, G., and Cartron, J.-L. E. (2006). Avian diversity in a priority area for conservation in North America: the Janos-Casas Grandes Prairie Dog Complex and adjacent habitats in northwestern Mexico. Biodiversity and conservation 15(12):3801-3825.
Keywords: VCHU; BCHU; BTAH; RUHU ❎

Marchesseault, L., and Ewald, P. W. (1991). Effect of territory quality on intrusion rate in nonbreeding hummingbirds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 28(5):305-308.
Keywords: ANHU

Marcot, B. G. (1984). Habitat relationships of birds and young-growth Douglas-fir in northwestern California. Ph.D dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
Keywords: ANHU; CAHU ✅


Marks, J. S., Hendricks, P., and Casey, D. (2016). Birds of Montana. Buteo Books, Arlington, VA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Márquez-Luna, U., González, M. M. V., Castellanos, I., and Ortiz-Pulido, R. (2016). Number of hummingbird visits determines flower mite abundance on hummingbird feeders. Experimental and Applied Acarology 69(4):403-411.
Keywords: LUHU

Márquez-Luna, U., Lara, C., and Ortiz-Pulido, R. (2016). La conducta territorial del zafiro oreja blanca (Hylocharis leucotis) es afectada por la disponibilidad de energía. Ornitología Neotropical 26(1):13-23.
Keywords: WEHU; Trochilidae ✅

Márquez-Luna, U., Lara, C., and Ortiz-Pulido, R. (2017). Nectar quality affects foraging and territoriality in female Lucifer Hummingbirds (Calothorax lucifer): An experiment. Ornitología Neotropical 28:67-75.
Keywords: LUHU; Trochilidae ✅

Márquez-Luna, U., Ortega-Pimienta, J. F., and Ortiz-Pulido, R. (2015). Reporte de un colibrí oreja blanca (Hylocharis leucotis) afectado por el trastorno de queratina aviar [Report of a White-eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis) affected by avian keratin disorder]. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 16(2):59-61.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Marshall, J. T., Jr. (1956). Summer birds of the Rincon Mountains, Saguaro National Monument, Arizona. Condor 58(2):81-97.
Keywords: RIHU; BCHU; BTAH; BTHH ✅

Marshall, J. T., Jr. (1957). Birds of pine-oak woodland in southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Pacific Coast Avifauna 32:1-125.
Keywords: WEHU; BTHH; RIHU; BCHU; BTAH; LUHU; RUHU; BBIH; BEHU; CAHU ✅

Marshall, J. T., Jr. (1963). Fire and birds in the mountains of southern Arizona. Proceedings of the 2nd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Tallahassee, FL.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Marshall, J. T., Jr. (1995). Birds of coniferous forest on Mount Graham, Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 107(4):719-723.
Keywords: BTAH; RIHU; BCHU ✅

Marshall, R. E. S., Hurly, T. A., and Healy, S. D. (2012). Do a flower’s features help hummingbirds to learn its contents and refill rate? Animal Behaviour 83(5):1163-1169.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martell, M., and Pfannmuller, L. A. (2017). Minnesota Breeding Bird Atlas. Keywords: RTHU ✅
Marti, C. D. (1977). Avian use of an oakbrush community in northern Utah. Southwestern Naturalist 22(3):367-374. Keywords: Trochilidae
Martin, A., and Musy, A. (1959). La vie des colibris: Les trochilidés [The life of hummingbirds: The trochilids]. Delachaux & Niestlé.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martin, A. C., Zim, H. S., and Nelson, A. L. (1961). American wildlife and plants: A guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martin, J. (1988). Different feeding strategies of two sympatric hummingbird species. Condor 90(1):233-236.
Keywords: RUHU; CAHU


Martin, P. S. (1955). Zonal distribution of vertebrates in a Mexican cloud forest. American Naturalist 89(849):347-361.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martin, P. S., Robins, C. R., and Heed, W. B. (1954). Birds and biogeography of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, an isolated pine-oak habitat. Wilson Bulletin 66(1):38-57.
Keywords: BBIH ✅

Martin, P. S., Yetman, D., Fishbein, M., Jenkins, P., Van Devender, T. R., and Wilson, R. K., (Editors) (1998). Gentry’s Río Mayo plants: The tropical deciduous forest and environs of northwest Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Biota

Martin, T. E. (1988). Habitat and area effects on forest bird assemblages: Is nest predation an influence? Ecology 69(1):74-84.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Martin, T. E. (1993). Nest predation among vegetation layers and habitat types: Revising the dogmas. American Naturalist 141(6):897-913.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Martin, T. E. (1993). Nest predation and nest sites: New perspectives on old patterns. BioScience 43(8):523-532.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Martin, T. E. (1995). Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites, nest predation, and food. Ecological Monographs 65(1):101-127.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Martin, T. E., and Finch, D. M., (Editors) (1995). Ecology and management of neotropical migratory birds: A synthesis and review of critical issues. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Martin, T. E., and Geupel, G. R. (1993). Nest-monitoring plots: Methods for locating nests and monitoring success. Journal of Field Ornithology 64(4):507-519.
Keywords: Reference

Martin, T. E., and Ghalambor, C. K. (1999). Males feeding females during incubation. I. Required by microclimate or constrained by nest predation? American Naturalist 153(1):131-139.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Martin, T. E., Martin, P. R., Olson, C. R., Heidinger, B. J., and Fontaine, J. J. (2000). Parental care and clutch sizes in North and South American birds. Science 287(5457):1482-1485.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Martin, T. E., Scott, J., and Menge, C. (2000). Nest predation increases with parental activity: Separating nest site and parental activity effects. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 267(1459):2287-2293.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Martin, W. C. L. (1852). A general history of humming-birds, or the Trochilidæ: With especial reference to the collection of J. Gould … now exhibiting in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. H.G. Bohn, London.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Martínez del Rio, C. (1990). Dietary, phylogenetic, and ecological correlates of intestinal sucrase and maltase activity in birds. Physiological Zoology 63(5):987-1011.
Keywords: BBIH ✅


Martínez del Rio, C. (1990). Sugar preferences in hummingbirds: The influence of subtle chemical differences on food choice. Condor 92(4):1022-1030.
Keywords: BCHU


Martínez del Rio, C., Baker, H. G., and Baker, I. (1992). Ecological and evolutionary implications of digestive processes: Bird preferences and the sugar constituents of floral nectar and fruit pulp. Experientia 48(6):544-551.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martínez del Rio, C., and Búrquez, A. (1986). Nectar production and temperature dependent pollination in Mirabilis jalapa L. Biotropica 18(1):28-31.
Keywords: LUHU

Martínez del Rio, C., and Eguiarte, L. E. (1987). Bird visitation to Agave salmiana: Comparisons among hummingbirds and perching birds. Condor 89(2):357-363.
Keywords: VCHU; LUHU

Martínez del Rio, C., Schondube, J. E., McWhorter, T. J., and Herrera, L. G. (2001). Intake responses in nectar feeding birds: Digestive and metabolic causes, osmoregulatory consequences, and coevolutionary effects. American Zoologist 41(4):902-915.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Martínez del Rio, C., Stevens, B. R., Daneke, D. E., and Andreadis, P. T. (1988). Physiological correlates of preference and aversion for sugars in three species of birds. Physiological Zoology 61(3):222-229.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martínez-García, V. (2006). Interacciones colibrí-planta en tres tipos de vegetación de la reserva de la biosfera barranca de Meztitlan, Hidalgo, México. Licenciado de Biología thesis, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hildago, Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, México.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martínez-García, V., Lara, C., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2013). Lek characteristics and the static male song of the Green Violet-ear (Colibri thalassinus) during a 3-year study in a temperate forest of central Mexico. Ornitología Neotropical 24(2):183-200.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martínez-García, V., and Ortiz-Pulido, R. (2014). Redes mutualistas colibrí-planta: Comparación en dos escalas espaciales [Hummingbird-plant mutualistic networks: comparison at two spatial scales]. Ornitología Neotropical 25(3):273-289.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Martínez-Meyer, E., Peterson, A. T., and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2004). Evolution of seasonal ecological niches in the Passerina buntings (Aves: Cardinalidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271(1544):1151.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Martınez-Morales, M. A. (2005). Landscape patterns influencing bird assemblages in a fragmented neotropical cloud forest. Biological Conservation 121(1):117-126.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Masters, N. L. (1980). Breeding birds on pinyon-juniper woodland in north central Arizona. M.S. thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Mauersberger, G. (1988). Über Lichtensteinsche Vogelnamen und ihre Typen. Notizen über Typen der Vogelsammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin. IV. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin: Supplementheft, Annalen für Ornithologie 12:129-148. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, A. P. (1822). Ueber die nahrung der fliegenvögel (Trochilus). Isis von Oken(4):470-472.
Keywords: Trochilidae

May, L. A. (1976). Fauna de vertebrados de la región del Gran Desierto de Sonora, México [Vertebrate fauna of the Greater Sonoran Desert region, Mexico]. Anales del Instituto de Biología, serie Zoología 47:143-182. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Maya-Elizarrarás, E., and Schondube, J. E. (2015). Birds, charcoal and cattle: Bird community responses to human activities in an oak forest landscape shaped by charcoal extraction. Forest Ecology and Management 335:118-128.
Keywords: BEHU

Mayfield, M. M., Waser, N. M., and Price, M. V. (2001). Exploring the ‘most effective pollinator principle’ with complex flowers: Bumblebees and Ipomopsis aggregata. Annals of Botany 88(4):591-596.
Keywords: BTAH; RUHU ✅


Mayr, E. (1946). History of the North American bird fauna. Wilson Bulletin 58(1):3-41.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Mayr, E. (1964). Inferences concerning the Tertiary American bird faunas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 51(2):280-288.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Mayr, E. (1966). Animal species and evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Mayr, E. (2000). The biological species concept, pp. 17-29 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Mayr, E. (2000). A critique from the biological species concept perspective: What is a species, and what is not?, pp. 93-100 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Mayr, E. (2000). A defense of the biological species concept, pp. 161-166 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Mayr, E., and Short, L. L., Jr. (1970). Species taxa of North American birds: A contribution to comparative systematics, vol. 9. Nuttall Ornithology Club, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU

Mayr, G. (2002). Osteological evidence for paraphyly of the avian order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies). Journal für Ornithologie 143(1):82-97.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Mayr, G. (2003). Phylogeny of early Tertiary swifts and hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes). Auk 120(1):145-151.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Mayr, G. (2004). Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds. Science 304(5672):861-864.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Mayr, G., and Manegold, A. (2002). Eozäne Stammlinienvertreter von Schwalmvögeln und Seglern aus der Grube Messel bei Darmstadt. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (Neue Folge) 41:21-35. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
McAtee, W. L. (1947). Torpidity in birds. American Midland Naturalist 38(1):191-206.
Keywords: Trochilidae

McCaffrey, R. E., and Wethington, S. M. (2008). How the presence of feeders affects the use of local floral resources by hummingbirds: A case study from southern Arizona. Condor 110(4):786-791.
Keywords: Trochilidae


McCarthy, E. M. (2006). Handbook of avian hybrids of the world. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

McCarthy, S. B. (1998). Arizona terrestrial vertebrate species richness: An application of Arizona GAP GIS thematic processing. M.S. dissertation, The University of Arizona., Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: LUHU


McCaskie, G., and San Miguel, M. (1999). Report of the California bird records committee: 1996 records. Western Birds 30(2):57-85.
Keywords: VCHU ✅

McCaskie, G., and Story, N. (1979). Birds of northern California: An annotated field list. The Society, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: COHU

McCleary, J. A. (1968). The biology of desert plants, pp. 141-194 in Brown, G. W. (editor) Desert biology: Special topics on the physical and biological aspects of arid regions, vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

McClure, H. E. (1984). The occurrence of hippoboscid flies on some species of birds in southern California. Journal of Field Ornithology 55(2):230-240.
Keywords: Trochilidae

McCoid, M. J. (1994). Anolis carolinensis (Green Anole). Interspecific behavior. Herpetological Review 25(2):65.
Keywords: BCHU

McCormack, J. E., Castañeda-Guayasamin, G., and Levandoski, G. (2007). Sierra Santa Rosa: An oasis of bird diversity in arid northern Mexico. Ornitología Neotropical 18(3):369-377.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH ✅

McCreedy, C. (2011). Birds of Sonoran Desert xeric thorn woodlands: Patterns of bird species composition, richness, abundance, and nest survivorship 2003-2010. Petaluma, CA: PRBO Conservation Science. PRBO Contribution No. 1861
Keywords: Trochilidae

McCreedy, C. (2012). Birds of Sonoran Desert xeric thorn woodlands and Mojave wilderness integrity assessment 2012 progress report. Petaluma, CA: PRBO Conservation Science. PRBO Contribution No. 1914.
Keywords: Trochilidae

McCreedy, C. (2012). Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) pollination and seed dispersal in the Whipple Mountains, California. Petaluma, CA: PRBO Conservation Science. PRBO Contribution No. 1883.
Keywords: Trochilidae

McCreedy, C., and van Riper, C., III (2015). Drought-caused delay in nesting of Sonoran Desert birds and its facilitation of parasite- and predator-mediated variation in reproductive success. Auk 132(1):235-247.
Keywords: Trochilidae; COHU ✅


McCreedy, C., van Riper, C., III, Esque, T. C., and Darrah, A. J. (2015). Effects of drought and fire on bird communities of the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. US Geological Survey. Open-File Report 2015-1240.
Keywords: Trochilidae


McDade, L. A., and Kinsman, S. (1980). The impact of floral parasitism in two Neotropical hummingbird-pollinated plant species. Evolution 34(5):944-958.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

McDade, L. A., and Weeks, J. A. (2004). Nectar in hummingbird-pollinated Neotropical plants I: Patterns of production and variability in 12 species. Biotropica 36(2):196-215.
Keywords: Trochilidae


McDade, L. A., and Weeks, J. A. (2004). Nectar in hummingbird-pollinated Neotropical plants II: interactions with flower visitors. Biotropica 36(2):216-230.
Keywords: Trochilidae


McDonald, M. V. (1999). Proceedings of the one hundred and sixteenth stated meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union. Auk 116(3, Supplement):1DD-76DD.
Keywords: BCHU

McGowan, K. J., and Corwin, K. (2008). The second atlas of breeding birds in New York State. Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

McGregor, R. C. (1901). Notes on the Loon, Evening Grosbeak and Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Condor 3(4):105.
Keywords: BTAH

McGregor, R. C., Cohen, D. A., Emerson, W. O., Kaeding, H. B., Stephens, F., and Swarth, H. S. (1900). A list of unrecorded albinos. Condor 2(4):86-88.
Keywords: ANHU


McGuire, J. A., Witt, C. C., Altshuler, D. L., and Remsen, J. V., Jr. (2007). Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy. Systematic Biology 56(5):837-856.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


McGuire, J. A., Witt, C. C., Remsen, J. V., Jr., Corl, A., Rabosky, D. L., Altshuler, D. L., and Dudley, R. (2014). Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds. Current Biology 24(8):910-916.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

McGuire, J. A., Witt, C. C., Remsen, J. V., Jr., Dudley, R., and Altshuler, D. L. (2009). A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds. Journal of Ornithology 150(1):155-165.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

McKenzie, P. M. (1991). A Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) trapped in a spider’s web. Journal of the Louisiana Ornithological Society 1(2):54-58.
Keywords: RTHU

McKenzie, P. M., and Robbins, M. B. (1999). Identification of adult male Rufous and Allen’s hummingbirds, with specific comments on dorsal coloration. Western Birds 30(2):86-93.
Keywords: RUHU; ALHU

McKinney, A. M., CaraDonna, P. J., Inouye, D. W., Barr, B., Bertelsen, C. D., and Waser, N. M. (2012). Asynchronous changes in phenology of migrating Broad-tailed Hummingbirds and their early-season nectar resources. Ecology 93(9):1987-1993.
Keywords: Trochilidae


McLaughlin, S. P. (1993). Additions to the flora of the Pinaleño Mountains, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 27(1):5-32.
Keywords: Biota ❎

McLaughlin, S. P. (1995). An overview of the flora of the Sky Islands, southeastern Arizona: Diversity, affinities, and insularity, pp. 60-70 in DeBano, L. F., Ffolliott, P. F., Ortega-Rubio, A., Gottfried, G. J., Hamre, R. H., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, General Technical Report RM-GTR-264. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae



McWhorter, T. J., Bakken, B. H., Karasov, W. H., and Martínez del Rio, C. (2006). Hummingbirds rely on both paracellular and carrier-mediated intestinal glucose absorption to fuel high metabolism. Biology Letters 2(1):131-134.
Keywords: Trochilidae


McWhorter, T. J., and del Rio, C. M. (1999). Food ingestion and water turnover in hummingbirds: How much dietary water is absorbed? Journal of Experimental Biology 202(20):2851-2858.
Keywords: Trochilidae

McWhorter, T. J., and López-Calleja, M. V. (2000). The integration of diet, physiology, and ecology of nectar-feeding birds. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 73:451-460.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH ✅

McWhorter, T. J., and Martínez del Rio, C. (2000). Does gut function limit hummingbird food intake? Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73(3):313-324.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH; RUHU; ANHU ✅


McWhorter, T. J., Powers, D. R., and Martínez del Rio, C. (2003). Are hummingbirds facultatively ammonotelic? Nitrogen excretion and requirements as a function of body size. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76(5):731-743.
Keywords: RIHU

Meadows, M. G., Morehouse, N. I., Rutowski, R. L., Douglas, J. M., and McGraw, K. J. (2011). Quantifying iridescent coloration in animals: a method for improving repeatability. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 65(6):1317-1327.
Keywords: ANHU

Meadows, M. G., Roudybush, T. E., and McGraw, K. J. (2012). Dietary protein level affects iridescent coloration in Anna’s hummingbirds, Calypte anna. Journal of Experimental Biology 215(16):2742-2750.
Keywords: ANHU


Mearns, B., and Mearns, R. (1992). Audubon to Xántus: The lives of those commemorated in North American bird names. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Mearns, E. A. (1890). Observations on the avifauna of portions of Arizona. Auk 7(1):45-55.
Keywords: BCHU ✅


Mearns, E. A. (1890). Observations on the avifauna of portions of Arizona (concluded). Auk 7(3):251-264.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH


Mearns, E. A. (1896). Ornithological vocabulary of the Moki Indians. American Anthropologist 9(12):391-403.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; BTAH; RUHU; BBIH ✅


Mearns, E. A. (1907). Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States: A descriptive catalogue of the species of mammals occurring in that region; with a general summary of the natural history, and a list of trees, vol. 56. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅



Medina-Macías, M. N., González-Bernal, M. A., and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2010). Distribución altitudinal de las aves en una zona prioritaria en Sinaloa y Durango, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 81(2):487-503.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Medina-Tapia, N., Ayala-Berdon, J., Morales-Pérez, L., Melo, L. M., and Schondube, J. E. (2012). Do hummingbirds have a sweet-tooth? Gustatory sugar thresholds and sugar selection in the broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 161(3):307-314.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Meier, R., and Willmann, R. (2000). A defense of the Hennigian species concept, pp. 167-178 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Meier, R., and Willmann, R. (2000). The Hennigian species concept, pp. 30-43 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Meléndez-Ackerman, E., Campbell, D. R., and Waser, N. M. (1997). Hummingbird behavior and mechanisms of selection on flower color in Ipomopsis. Ecology 78(8):2532-2541.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Mendiola-Islas, V., Lara, C., Corcuera, P., and Valverde, P. L. (2016). Residency in white-eared hummingbirds (Hylocharis leucotis) and its effect in territorial contest resolution. PeerJ 4:e2588.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Menges, E. S. (1995). Factors limiting fecundity and germination in small populations of Silene regia (Caryophyllaceae), a rare hummingbird-pollinated prairie forb. American Midland Naturalist 133(2):242-255.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Merlin, P. (2001). A Guide to Southern Arizona Bird Nests and Eggs: Vol. 1. Desert Areas, vol. 1. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Merriam, C. H. (1890). Part IV.—Annotated list of birds of the San Francisco mountain plateau and the desert of the Little Colorado River, Arizona. North American Fauna 3:87-102.
Keywords: BTAH; RUHU ✅


Merriam, C. H. (1898). Life zones and crop zones of the United States. US Government Printing Office.
Keywords: Biota; Reference ✅



Merriam, F. A. (1896). Notes on some of the birds of southern California. Auk 13(2):115-124.
Keywords: BCHU


Merrill, J. C. (1888). Notes on the birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. Auk 5(3):251-262.
Keywords: CAHU; RUHU

Meslow, E. C., and Wight, H. M. (1975). Avifauna and succession in Douglas fir forests of the Pacific Northwest, pp. 266-271 in Smith, D. R. (editor) Proceedings of the symposium on management of forest and range habitats for nongame birds. USDA Forest Service, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Mewaldt, L. R., and Kaiser, S. (1988). Passerine migration along the inner Coast Range of central California. Western Birds 19(1):1-24.
Keywords: ANHU; ALHU; CAHU; RUHU ✅

Meyer de Schauensee, R. (1964). The birds of Colombia and adjacent areas of South and Central America. Livingston Publishing, Narberth, PA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Meyer de Schauensee, R. (1967). Eriocnemis mirabilis, a new species of hummingbird from Colombia. Notulae naturae of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 402:1-2. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Michel, N. L., Robinson, W. D., and Sherry, T. W. (2015). Liana-bird relationships: a review, pp. 362-397 in Schnitzer, S. A., Bongers, F., Burnham, R. J., and Putz, F. E. (editors). The ecology of lianas. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Michener, D. C. (1979). Reproduction and pollination of Justicia californica (Acanthaceae). . M.S. thesis, Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, CA.
Keywords: COHU

Michener, H. (1934). Minutes of the Cooper Club meetings, southern division. Condor 36(5):228.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU

Miller, A. H. (1934). Field experiences with mountain-dwelling birds of southern Utah. Wilson Bulletin 46(3):156-168.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Miller, A. H. (1940). A transition island in the Mohave Desert. Condor 42(3):161-163.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Miller, A. H. (1946). Vertebrate inhabitants of the piñon association in the Death Valley region. Ecology 27(1):54-60.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Miller, A. H. (1951). An analysis of the distribution of the birds of California, vol. 50. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; ALHU; CAHU; ANHU; BTAH ✅

Miller, A. H. (1955). The avifauna of the Sierra del Carmen of Coahuila, Mexico. Condor 57(3):154-178.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Miller, A. H. (1962). Desert adaptations in birds. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Miller, A. H. (1963). Desert adaptations in birds. Proceedings of the 13th International Ornithological Congress, Ithaca, NY, 17-24 June 1962. American Ornithologists Union, Baton Rouge, LA.
Keywords: Reference ❌

Miller, A. H., Friedmann, H., Griscom, L., and Moore, R. T. (1957). Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico part II. Pacific Coast Avifauna 33:1-436.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Miller, A. H., and Stebbins, R. C. (1964). The lives of desert animals in Joshua Tree National Monument. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: COHU

Miller, E., and Miller, D. R. (1980). Snag use by birds, pp. 337-356 in DeGraff, R. M., and Tilgham, N. G. (editors). Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds. General Technical Report INT-86. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH; CAHU ✅


Miller, J. R. (1978). Notes on birds of San Salvador Island (Watlings), the Bahamas. Auk 95(2):281-287.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Miller, L. (1940). Sound produced in the nuptial dive of young Anna hummingbirds. Condor 42(6):305-306.
Keywords: ANHU

Miller, R. B. (1978). The pollination ecology of Aquilegia elegantula and A. caerulea (Ranunculaceae) in Colorado. American Journal of Botany 64(4):406-414. Keywords: Trochilidae
Miller, R. S., and Gass, C. L. (1985). Survivorship in hummingbirds: Is predation important? Auk 102(1):175-178.
Keywords: VCHU

Miller, R. S., and Miller, R. E. (1971). Feeding activity and color preference of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds. Condor 73(3):309-313.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Miller, R. S., and Nero, R. W. (1983). Hummingbird–sapsucker associations in northern climates. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61(7):1540-1546.
Keywords: RTHU


Miller, R. S., Tamm, S., Sutherland, G. D., and Le Gass, C. (1985). Cues for orientation in hummingbird foraging: Color and position. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(1):18-21.
Keywords: RTHU; RUHU


Miller, S. J., and Inouye, D. W. (1983). Roles of the wing whistle in the territorial behaviour of male Broad-tailed hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus). Animal Behaviour 31(3):689-700.
Keywords: BTAH

Miller, W. D. (1906). List of birds collected in northwestern Durango, Mexico, by J. H. Batty, during 1903. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22(10):161-183.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Mills, E. D., and Rogers, D. T., Jr. (1992). Ratios of neotropical migrant and neotropical resident birds in winter in a citrus plantation in central Belize [Tasa de migratorios y residentes neotropicales pasando el invierno en una plantación de citrosas en la parte central de Belize]. Journal of Field Ornithology 63(2):109-116.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Minckley, W. L., and Brown, D. E. (1982). Sinaloan riparian evergreen forest and woodland. Desert Plants 4(1-4):275-277.
Keywords: BEHU; BCHU ✅

Mirsky, E. N. (1976). Song divergence in hummingbird and junco populations on Guadalupe Island. Condor 78(2):230-235.
Keywords: ANHU


Mishler, B. D., and Theriot, E. C. (2000). A critique from the Mishler and Theriot phylogenetic species concept perspective: Monophyly, apomorphy, and phylogenetic species concepts, pp. 119-132 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Mishler, B. D., and Theriot, E. C. (2000). A defense of the phylogenetic species concept (sensu Mishler and Theriot): Monophyly, apomorphy, and phylogenetic species concepts, pp. 179-184 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Mishler, B. D., and Theriot, E. C. (2000). The phylogenetic species concept (sensu Mishler and Theriot): Monophyly, apomorphy, and phylogenetic species concepts, pp. 44-54 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Mitchell, D. E. (2000). Allen’s Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 501. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: ALHU ❓
Mitchell, M. K. (1974). An albino hummingbird in Oregon. Murrelet 55(1):4. Keywords: Trochilidae
Mitchell, R. J. (1989). Is Penstemon centranthifolius truly hummingbird pollinated? Crossosoma 15(6):1-9.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Mitchell, R. J. (1994). The effects of floral traits, pollinator visitation, and plant size on Ipomopsis aggregata fruit production. American Naturalist 143(5):870-889.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Mitchell, R. J., Shaw, R. G., and Waser, N. M. (1998). Pollinator selection, quantitative genetics, and predicted evolutionary responses of floral traits in Penstemon centranthifolius (Scrophulariaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 159(2):331-337.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Mitchell, W. A. (1989). Informational constraints on optimally foraging hummingbirds. Oikos 55(2):145-154.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Mitchell, W. I. (1898). The summer birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico. Auk 15(4):306-311.
Keywords: BCHU; BTAH ✅


Mittermeier, R. A. (2004). Hotspots revisited: Earth’s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. CEMEX, Mexico City.
Keywords: Biota

Mobbs, A. J. (1971). Stretching attitudes in hummingbirds. Avic. Mag 77:231. Keywords: Trochilidae
Mobbs, A. J. (1973). Scratching and preening postures in hummingbirds. Avicultural Magazine 79:200-204. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Mobbs, A. J. (1979). Methods used by the Trochilidae when capturing insects. Avicultural Magazine 85:26-30. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Molina-Freaner, F., and Eguiarte, L. E. (2003). The pollination biology of two paniculate agaves (Agavaceae) from northwestern Mexico: contrasting roles of bats as pollinators. American Journal of Botany 90(7):1016-1024.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Molina-Freaner, F. E., and Van Devender, T. R., (Editors) (2010). Diversidad biológica de Sonora [Sonora’s biological diversity]. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
Keywords: Trochilidae; Biota


Monroe, B. L., Jr. (1968). A distributional survey of the birds of Honduras. Ornithological Monographs 7:1-458.
Keywords: BCWO; PCST

Monson, G. (1968). The Arizona state bird-list, 1964-67. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 5(1):34-35.
Keywords: BEHU

Monson, G., and Phillips, A. R. (1941). Bird records from southern and western Arizona. Condor 43(2):108-112.
Keywords: ANHU; RUHU


Monson, G., and Phillips, A. R. (1964). A checklist of the birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Monson, G., and Phillips, A. R. (1981). Annotated checklist of the birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Montana Field Guide (2017). Anna’s Hummingbird – Calypte anna. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Keywords: ANHU
Montana Field Guide (2017). Black-chinned Hummingbird – Archilochus alexandri. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Keywords: BCHU
Montana Field Guide (2017). Broad-tailed Hummingbird – Selasphorus platycercus. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Keywords: BTAH
Montana Field Guide (2017). Calliope Hummingbird – Selasphorus calliope. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Keywords: CAHU
Montana Field Guide (2017). Costa’s Hummingbird – Calypte costae. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Keywords: COHU
Montana Field Guide (2017). Ruby-throated Hummingbird – Archilochus colubris. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Keywords: RTHU
Montana Field Guide (2017). Rufous Hummingbird – Selasphorus rufus. Montana Natural Heritage Program and Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Keywords: RUHU
Montes de Oca, R. (1874). Essayo ornithologico de la familia Trochilidae o sea de los colibries o Chupamirtos de México. La Naturaleza 3(issue):15-31.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Montes de Oca, R. (1875). Ensayo ornitológico de los Troquílidos o colibríes de México. Biblioteca Nacional, Fondo Reservado, UNAM, México. Keywords: Trochilidae
Montgomerie, R. D. (1979). The energetics of foraging and competition in some Mexican hummingbirds. Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BBIH


Montgomerie, R. D. (1984). Nectar extraction by hummingbirds: response to different floral characters. Oecologia 63(2):229-236.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Montgomerie, R. D., Eadie, J. M., and Harder, L. D. (1984). What do foraging hummingbirds maximize? Oecologia 63(3):357-363.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Montgomerie, R. D., and Gass, C. L. (1981). Energy limitation of hummingbird populations in tropical and temperate communities. Oecologia 50(2):162-165.
Keywords: LUHU; RUHU

Montgomerie, R. D., and Redsell, C. A. (1980). A nesting hummingbird feeding solely on arthropods. Wilson Bulletin 82(4):463-464.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH ✅

Moore, D. B., and Cole, J. B. (2004). Arizona’s local floras and plant lists: A bibliography with locations and maps. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 37(1):1-55. Keywords: Trochilidae
Moore, R. T. (1938). Unusual birds and extensions of ranges in Sonora, Sinaloa and Chihuahua, Mexico. Condor 40(1):23-28.
Keywords: RIHU; BTHH ✅


Moore, R. T. (1939). Habits of White-eared Hummingbird in northwestern Mexico. Auk 56(4):442-446.
Keywords: WEHU; CAHU; BTAH; RIHU; BTHH; BBIH ✅


Moore, R. T. (1939). A new race of Cynanthus latirostris from Guanajuato. Proceedings of Biological Society of Washington 52:57-60.
Keywords: BBIH ✅

Moore, R. T. (1947). Habits of male hummingbirds near their nests. Wilson Bulletin 59(1):21-25.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Morcom, G. F. (1887). Notes on the birds of southern California and south-western Arizona. Bulletin of the Ridgway Ornithological Club of Chicago 2:36-57.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Morrison, M. L., Tennant, T., and Scott, T. A. (1994). Laying the foundation for a comprehensive program of restoration for wildlife habitat in a riparian floodplain. Environmental Management 18(6):939-955.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Morrison, P. (1962). Modification of body temperature by activity in Brazilian hummingbirds. Condor 64(4):315-323.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Morse, D. H. (1974). Niche breadth as a function of social dominance. American Naturalist 108(964):818-830.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Morton, E. S. (1986). Predictions from the ranging hypothesis for the evolution of long distance signals in birds. Behaviour 99(1):65-86.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Motten, A. F., Campbell, D. R., Alexander, D. E., and Miller, H. L. (1981). Pollination effectiveness of specialist and generalist visitors to a North Carolina population of Claytonia virginica. Ecology 62(5):1278-1287.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Muchhala, N. (2003). Exploring the boundary between pollination syndromes: bats and hummingbirds as pollinators of Burmeistera cyclostigmata and B. tenuiflora (Campanulaceae). Oecologia 134(3):373-380.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Mulsant, É., and Verreaux, É. (1874). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, ou, colibris constituant la famille des Trochilidés, vol. 1, vol. 1. Bureau de la Société Linnéenne, Lyon, France.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Mulsant, É., and Verreaux, É. (1876). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, ou, colibris constituant la famille des Trochilidés, vol. 2, vol. 1. Bureau de la Société Linnéenne, Lyon, France.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Mulsant, É., and Verreaux, É. (1877). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, ou, colibris constituant la famille des Trochilidés, supplément, vol. supplement. Bureau de la Société Linnéenne, Lyon, France.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Mulsant, É., and Verreaux, É. (1877). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, ou, colibris constituant la famille des Trochilidés, vol. 3, vol. 1. Bureau de la Société Linnéenne, Lyon, France.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Mulsant, É., and Verreaux, É. (1877). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux-mouches, ou, colibris constituant la famille des Trochilidés, vol. 4, vol. 4. Bureau de la Société Linnéenne, Lyon, France.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Mulsant, É., Verreaux, É., and Verreaux, J. (1866). Essai d’une classification méthodique des trochilidés ou oiseaux-mouches. F. Savy, Paris.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Mulsant, É., Verreaux, J. P., and Verreaux, J.-B. É. (1866). Essai d’une classification methodique des trochilides. Mémoires de la Société impériale des sciences naturelles de Cherbourg 12(149-242).

Mulvihill, R. S., and Leberman, R. C. (1987). Bird banding at Powdermill, 1985: With a summary of Ruby-throated Hummingbird banding data. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Powdermill Nature Reserve Research Report 46.
Keywords: RTHU

Mulvihill, R. S., Leberman, R. C., and Wood, D. S. (1992). A possible relationship between reversed sexual size dimorphism and reduced male survivorship in the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Condor 94(2):480-489.
Keywords: BCHU; RTHU


Murray, B. G., Jr. (1985). Evolution of clutch size in tropical species of birds. Ornithological Monographs 36:505-519.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Murray, J. J. (1958). Ruby-throated Hummingbird captured by a praying mantis. Wilson Bulletin 70(4):381.
Keywords: RTHU; Trochilidae ✅

Murton, R. K. (1971). Why do some bird species feed in flocks? Ibis 113(4):534-536.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Museum of Comparative Zoology – Harvard University (2018). MCZBASE:The Database of the Zoological Collections. ✅
Myerfeld, A. B. (1972). A record of the Lucifer Hummingbird in Arizona. California Birds 3(1):16.
Keywords: LUHU ✅

Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B., and Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.
Keywords: Biota ✅


Nabhan, G. P. (1992). Hummingbirds and human aggressions: A view from the High Tanks. The Georgia Review 46(2):213-232. Keywords: Trochilidae
Nabhan, G. P., (Editor) (2004). Conserving migratory pollinators and nectar corridors in western North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Nagy, K. A. (1987). Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecological Monographs 57(2):111-128.
Keywords: BCHU

Nagy, K. A., and Peterson, C. C. (1988). Scaling of water flux rate in animals. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: BCHU


Nakazawa, Y., Peterson, A. T., Martínez-Meyer, E., and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2004). Seasonal niches of Nearctic-Neotropical migratory birds: Implications for the evolution of migration. Auk 121(2):610-618.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Nature Conservancy (1994). Field methods for vegetation mapping. Washington, DC: US Geological Survey and National Park Service.
Keywords: Trochilidae; Biota


Navarro Sigüenza, A. G., Peterson, A. T., and Gordillo-Martínez, A. (2003). Museums working together: The atlas of the birds of Mexico. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club Suppl. 123A:207-225.
Keywords: Reference ❎

Navarro Sigüenza, A. G., Rebón-Gallardo, M. F., Gordillo-Martínez, A., Peterson, A. T., Berlanga-García, H., and Sánchez-González, L. A. (2014). Biodiversidad de aves en México [Biodiversity of birds in Mexico]. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85(Suppl. 1):476-495.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (1992). Altitudinal distribution of birds in the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico. Condor 94(1):29-39.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., and Peterson, A. T. (1999). Comments on the taxonomy of the genus Cynanthus (Swainson), with a restricted type locality for C. doubledayi. Bulletin of British Ornithologists’ Club 119(2):109-112.
Keywords: BBIH

Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., and Peterson, A. T. (2004). An alternative species taxonomy of the birds of Mexico. Biota Neotropica 4(2):1-32.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., and Peterson, A. T. (2007). Hylocharis leucotis (zafiro oreja blanca) residencia permanente. Distribución potencial [ Hylocharis leucotis (White-eared Hummingbird) permanent residence. Potential distribution]. Catálogo de metadatos geográficos. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.
Keywords: WEHU

Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., and Peterson, A. T. (2009). Cynanthus latirostris (colibrí pico ancho) verano. Distribución potencial [Cynanthus latirostris (Broad-billed Hummingbird) summer. Potential distribution].
Keywords: BBIH

Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., and Peterson, A. T. (2009). Heliomaster constantii (colibrí picudo) residencia permanente. Distribución potencial [Heliomaster constantii (Plain-capped Starthroat) permanent residence. Potential distribution].
Keywords: PCST

Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., Peterson, A. T., Puig-Samper, M. Á., and Zamudio, G. (2007). The ornithology of the Real Expedición Botánica a Nueva España (1787–1803): An analysis of the manuscripts of José Mariano Mociño. Condor 109(4):808-823.
Keywords: LUHU


Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., Torres C., M., and Escalante, P. (1991). Catálogo de aves. Serie Catálogos Museo de Zoología 4:1-305. Keywords: Trochilidae
Naylor, J. N. (1954). Plant distribution of the Sandia Mountains area, New Mexico. M.S. thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.
Keywords: Biota ❌

Nealen, H. J., and Nealen, P. M. (2000). Ruby-throated Hummingbird death by common burdock (Arctium minus). Wilson Bulletin 112(3):421-422.
Keywords: RTHU; Trochilidae ✅

Neill, D. A. (1987). Trapliners in the trees: hummingbird pollination of Erythrina sect. Erythrina (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74(1):27-41.
Keywords: PCST

Nelson, R. C. (1970). An additional nesting record of the Lucifer Hummingbird in the United States. Southwestern Naturalist 15(1):135-136.
Keywords: LUHU

Nemeth, N. M., Beckett, S., Edwards, E., Klenk, K., and Komar, N. (2007). Avian mortality surveillance for West Nile virus in Colorado. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76(3):431-437.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Németh, Z., and Moore, F. R. (2012). Differential timing of spring passage of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology 83(1):26-31.
Keywords: RTHU ✅


New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (2005). SWReGAP Vertebrate Habitat Distribution Models.
Keywords: Trochilidae

New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (2016). Threatened and endangered species of New Mexico: 2016 biennial review. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Wildlife Management and Fisheries Management Divisions, Santa Fe, NM.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Newbigin, M. I. (1896). Observations on the metallic colours of the Trochilidae and the Nectariniidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896:283-296.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Newell, F. L., Glowinski Matamoros, S. L., and Eastwood, M. M. (2007). Juvenal plumage in the Green-breasted Mountain-gem (Lampornis sybillae) with observations on timing of breeding and molt. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119(4):733-736.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Newfield, N. L. (1983). Records of Allen’s Hummingbird in Louisiana and possible Rufous × Allen’s Hummingbird hybrids. Condor 85(2):253-254.
Keywords: ALHU; RUHU

Newfield, N. L. (1984). Three records of Calliope Hummingbird from Louisiana. Condor 86(3):346-348.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Newfield, N. L. (1992). Louisiana’s hummingbirds. Louisiana Natural Heritage Program, Baton Rouge, LA.
Keywords: BCHU

Newfield, N. L. (1996). Piecing together the hummingbird puzzle. Living Bird 15(2):16-21. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Nice, M. M. (1941). The role of territory in bird life. American Midland Naturalist 26(3):441-487.
Keywords: LUHU

Nickell, W. P. (1948). Alternate care of two nests by a Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Wilson Bulletin 60(4):242-243.
Keywords: RTHU

Nickell, W. P. (1956). Bird and insect guests at a sapsucker tree. Jack-Pine Warbler 34:117. Keywords: RTHU ❌
Nickell, W. P. (1965). Bird and insects feed at sapsucker trees. Bird Banding 36(3):192-193.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Nicolson, S. W. (2007). Nectar consumers, pp. 289-342 in Nicolson, S. W., Nepi, M., and Pacini, E. (editors). Nectaries and Nectar. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Nicolson, S. W., and Fleming, P. A. (2003). Nectar as food for birds: The physiological consequences of drinking dilute sugar solutions. Plant Systematics and Evolution 238(1-4):139-153.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Nicolson, S. W., and Thornburg, R. W. (2007). Nectar chemistry, pp. 215-264 in Nicolson, S. W., Nepi, M., and Pacini, E. (editors). Nectaries and Nectar. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Niedrach, R. J., and Rockwell, R. B. (1959). The birds of Denver and mountain parks. Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Niering, W. A., and Lowe, C. H., Jr. (1984). Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains: Community types and dynamics. Plant ecology 58(1):3-28.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Nisbet, I. C. T. (1963). Weight-loss during migration Part II: Review of other estimates. Bird-Banding 34(3):139-159.
Keywords: Trochilidae; ANHU; COHU ✅


Nixon, K. C., and Wheeler, Q. D. (1990). An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept. Cladistics 6(3):211-223.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Norris, R. A., Connell, C. E., and Johnston, D. W. (1957). Notes on fall plumages, weights, and fat condition in the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Wilson Bulletin 69(2):155-163.
Keywords: RTHU

Norris-Elye, L. S. T. (1944). Leopard frogs devouring small birds. Auk 61(4):643-644.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Norse, W. J., and Laughlin, S. B. (1985). Ruby-throated Hummingbird, pp. 150-151 in Laughlin, S. B., and Kibbe, D. P. (editors). The atlas of breeding birds of Vermont. Vermont Institute of Natural Science, Quechee, VT.
Keywords: RTHU


Northrop, J. I. (1891). The birds of Andros Island, Bahamas. Auk 8(1):64-80.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Norton, M. E., Arcese, P., and Ewald, P. W. (1982). Effect of intrusion pressure on territory size in black-chinned hummingbirds (Archilochus alexandri). Auk 99(4):761-764.
Keywords: BCHU

Nuttall, T. (1832). A manual of the ornithology of the United States and of Canada. Vol. 1: Land birds. Hilliard and Brown, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Nuttall, T. (1840). A manual of the ornithology of the United States and of Canada. Vol. 1: Land birds, 2nd ed. Hilliard, Gray, and Co., Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Nyffeler, M., Maxwell, M. R., and Remsen Jr, J. (2017). Bird predation by praying mantises: A global perspective. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 129(2):331-344.
Keywords: Trochilidae

O’Brien, C., Flesch, A. D., Wallace, E., Bogan, M., Carrillo-Percástegui, S. E., Jacobs, S., and Van Riper, C., III (2006). Biological Inventory of the Río Aros, Sonora, México: A River Unknown. US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Oaxaca-Villa, B., Casas, A., and Valiente-Banuet, A. (2006). Reproductive biology in wild and silvicultural managed populations of Escontria chiotilla (Cactaceae) in the Tehuacán Valley, Central Mexico. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53(2):277-287.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Oberholser, H. C. (1900). Notes on some birds from the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 22(1196):229-234.
Keywords: ALHU ✅


Oberholser, H. C. (1925). The relations of vegetation to bird life in Texas. American Midland Naturalist 9(12):595-661.
Keywords: LUHU

Oberholser, H. C. (1930). Notes on a collection of birds from Arizona and New Mexico. Scientific Publications of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History 1(4):83-124.
Keywords: BCHU; RUHU; ALHU; BTAH; RIHU ✅

Oberholser, H. C. (1974). The bird life of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Keywords: LUHU; COHU; RIHU

Oehser, P. H. (1948). Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot (1748-1831). Auk 65(4):568-576.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Olrog, C. C. (1963). Lista y distribucioń de las aves argentinas [List and distribution of Argentine birds], vol. 9. Opera Lilloana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, Argentina.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Olrog, C. C. (1968). Las aves sudamericanas: Una guía de campo [The South American birds: A field guide]. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Fundación-Instituto.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Olson, D. H., Hagar, J. C., Carey, A. B., Cissel, J. H., and Swanson, F. J. (2001). Wildlife of westside and high montane forests, pp. 187-212 in Johnson, D. E., and O’Neil, T. A. (editors). Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.
Keywords: Trochilidae; CAHU; ALHU ✅


Oneal, A. S., and Rotenberry, J. T. (2009). Scale-dependent habitat relations of birds in riparian corridors in an urbanizing landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning 92(3):264-275.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Oniki, Y. (1970). Nesting behavior of Reddish Hermits (Phaethornis ruber) and occurrence of wasp cells in nests. Auk 87(4):720-728.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Opperman, H. (2011). Notes on the subspecies groups of the Check-list of the Birds of Mexico.
Keywords: BEHU; RIHU; BBIH ✅

Orians, G. H., and Willson, M. F. (1964). Interspecific territories of birds. Ecology 45(4):736-745.
Keywords: ANHU; LUHU


Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (1987). Rediscovery of the Rufous-crested Coquette (Lophornis delattrei brachylopha) in Guerrero, Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 99(4):719-721.
Keywords: BEHU

Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (1995). Radiation in the genus Amazilia: A comparative approach to understanding the diversification of hummingbirds. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona., Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: VCHU


Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., and Arizmendi, M. d. C. (1995). Altitudinal migration: Implications for the conservation of the Neotropical migrant avifauna of western Mexico, pp. 98-112 in Wilson, M. H., and Sader, S. A. (editors). Conservation of Neotropical migratory birds in Mexico. Maine Agriculture and Forestry Experimental Station, Miscellaneous Publication MP727, Orono, ME.
Keywords: LUHU

Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., Arizmendi, M. d. C., Márquez-Valdelamar, L., de Lourdes Navarijo, M., and Berlanga, H. A. (1993). Variability profiles for line transect bird censuses in a tropical dry forest in Mexico. Condor 95(2):422-441.
Keywords: PCST; BCHU; VCHU; BBIH ✅


Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., and González, C. (2014). Interglacial genetic diversification of Moussonia deppeana (Gesneriaceae), a hummingbird-pollinated, cloud forest shrub in northern Mesoamerica. Molecular Ecology 23(16):4119-4136.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., González, C., Hernández-Baños, B. E., and García-Moreno, J. (2016). Molecular and iridescent feather reflectance data reveal recent genetic diversification and phenotypic differentiation in a cloud forest hummingbird. Ecology and evolution 6(4):1104-1127.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., González, C., los Monteros, A. E., Rodríguez-Gómez, F., and García-Feria, L. M. (2014). In and out of Mesoamerica: Temporal divergence of Amazilia hummingbirds pre-dates the orthodox account of the completion of the Isthmus of Panama. Journal of Biogeography 41(1):168-181.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., González, C., and Uribe, J. (2002). Complex vocalizations and aerial displays of the Amethyst-throated Hummingbird (Lampornis amethystinus). Auk 119(4):1141-1149.
Keywords: LUHU; BBIH; BTHH; RIHU; ANHU; COHU ✅


Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., González de León, S., Gonzalez, C., Licona-Vera, Y., Ortiz-Rodriguez, A. E., and Rodriguez-Gomez, F. (2015). Comparative palaeodistribution of eight hummingbird species reveal a link between genetic diversity and Quaternary habitat and climate stability in Mexico. Folia Zoologica 64(3):245-259.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., and Lara, C. (2009). Nectar replenishment and pollen receipt interact in their effects on seed production of Penstemon roseus. Oecologia 160(4):675-685.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., and Lara, C. (2015). Differential response to colour tasks on resident and migratory hummingbirds: A field test. Ethology Ecology & Evolution 27(4):357-378.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., Ordano, M., De-Nova, A. J., Quintero, M. E., and Garland, T. (2007). Phylogenetic analysis of interspecific variation in nectar of hummingbird‐visited plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20(5):1904-1917.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., Ordano, M., Hernández, A., López, J. C., Mendoza, L., and Perroni, Y. (2002). Nectar oasis produced by Agave marmorata Roezl.(Agavaceae) lead to spatial and temporal segregation among nectarivores in the Tehuacán Valley, México. Journal of Arid Environments 52(1):37-51.
Keywords: LUHU

Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., Sosa, V., Soltis, D. E., Daza, J. M., González, C., Soltis, P. S., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, C., Espinosa de los Monteros, A., Castoe, T. A., Bell, C., and Ruiz-Sanchez, E. (2013). Comparative phylogeography analyses illustrate the complex evolutionary history of threatened cloud forests in northern Mesoamerica. PloS one 8(2):e56283.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Orr, R. T. (1939). Observations on the nesting of the Allen Hummingbird. Condor 41(1):17-24.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ortega-Álvarez, R., and MacGregor-Fors, I. (2009). Living in the big city: Effects of urban land-use on bird community structure, diversity, and composition. Landscape and Urban Planning 90(3):189-195.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Ortega-Jimenez, V. M., and Dudley, R. (2012). Flying in the rain: Hovering performance of Anna’s Hummingbirds under varied precipitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 279(1744):3996-4002.
Keywords: Trochilidae; ANHU ✅


Ortiz-Crespo, F. I. (1969). Interactions in three sympatric species of Californian hummingbirds in a planted area containing melliferous flowering vegetation. M.A. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: ANHU

Ortiz-Crespo, F. I. (1971). Winter occurrences of Selasphorus hummingbirds in the San Francisco Bay region. Bird Banding 42(4):290-292.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ortiz-Crespo, F. I. (1972). A new method to separate immature and adult hummingbirds. Auk 89(4):851-857.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Ortiz-Crespo, F. I. (1974). The giant hummingbird Patagona gigas in Ecuador. Ibis 116(3):347-359.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Ortiz-Crespo, F. I. (1982). Agonistic and foraging behavior of hummingbirds co-occurring in central coastal California. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: ANHU

Ortiz-Pulido, R. (2011). Temporal-spatial segregation among hummingbirds foraging on honeydew in a temperate forest in Mexico. Keywords: Trochilidae
Ortiz-Pulido, R., Anaid Díaz, S., Valle-Díaz, O. I., and Fisher, A. D. (2012). Hummingbirds and the plants they visit in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico [Colibríes y las plantas que visitan en la Reseva de la Biosfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, México]. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 83(1):152-163.
Keywords: LUHU; VCHU

Ortiz-Pulido, R., Flores Ceballos, E., and Ortiz Pulido, R. (1998). Descripción del nido de Doricha eliza y ampliación de su rango. Ornitología Neotropical 9(2):223-224.
Keywords: LUHU

Ortiz-Pulido, R., and Lara Rodríguez, C. (2012). Is energy in nectar a good predictor of hummingbird activity at landscape scale? Italian Journal of Zoology 79(1):100-104.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ortiz-Pulido, R., and Martínez-García, V. (2006). A female Lucifer Hummingbird (Calothorax lucifer) with iridescent chin feathers. Journal of Field Ornithology 77(1):71-73.
Keywords: LUHU

Ortiz-Pulido, R., Peterson, A. T., Robbins, M. B., Díaz, R., Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., and Escalona-Segura, G. (2002). The Mexican Sheartail (Doricha eliza): Morphology, behavior, distribution, and endangered status. Wilson Bulletin 114(2):153-160.
Keywords: LUHU

Ortiz-Pulido, R., and Vargas-Licona, G. (2008). Explorando la relación entre registros de colibríes y abundancia de flores con escalamiento espacio-temporal [Exploring the relationship between hummingbird records and flower abundance with spatio-temporal scaling]. Ornitología Neotropical 19(Supplement):473-484.
Keywords: LUHU; WEHU

Osborne, J. (1998). The Ruby-throated Hummingbird. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Keywords: RTHU

Osburn, P. I. (1909). Notes on the birds of Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. Condor 11(4):134-138.
Keywords: ANHU ✅


Osgood, W. H. (1903). A list of birds observed in Cochise County, Arizona. Condor 5(5):128-131.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH


Otero-Arnaiz, A., Casas, A., Bartolo, C., Pérez-Negrón, E., and Valiente-Banuet, A. (2003). Evolution of Polaskia chichipe (Cactaceae) under domestication in the Tehuacán Valley, central Mexico: Reproductive biology. American Journal of Botany 90(4):593-602.
Keywords: VCHU

Owens, S. (2010). Biological evaluation for a proposed renewable energy generation facility, Luna County, New Mexico.
Keywords: LUHU

Owre, O. T. (1976). Bahama Woodstar in Florida: First specimen for continental North America. Auk 93(4):837-838.
Keywords: BAWO ❎

Oyler-McCance, S. J., Fike, J. A., Talley-Farnham, T., Engelman, T., and Engelman, F. (2011). Characterization of ten microsatellite loci in the Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus). Conservation Genetics Resources 3(2):351-353. Keywords: BTAH
Paganelli, C. V., Olszowka, A., and Ar, A. (1974). The avian egg: Surface area, volume, and density. Condor 76(3):319-325.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Paige, K. N. (1999). Regrowth following ungulate herbivory in Ipomopsis aggregata: geographic evidence for overcompensation. Oecologia 118(3):316-323.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Paige, K. N., and Whitham, T. G. (1985). Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: a mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-318.
Keywords: BTAH; RUHU ✅

Paige, K. N., and Whitham, T. G. (1987). Flexible life history traits: Shifts by scarlet gilia in response to pollinator abundance. Ecology 68(6):1691-1695.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Paige, K. N., Williams, B., and Hickox, T. (2001). Overcompensation through the paternal component of fitness in Ipomopsis arizonica. Oecologia 128(1):72-76.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Palmer, T. S. (1918). Costa’s Hummingbird: Its type locality, early history and name. Condor 20(3):114-116.
Keywords: COHU ✅


Pantle, R. J., and Yunick, R. P. (2011). An extraordinary occurence of a female Ruby-throated Hummingbird with a 50-mm appendage of nesting material attached to her leg. North American Bird Bander 36(4):156-157.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Pardieck, K. L., Ziolkowski, D. J., Jr., Lutmerding, M., Campbell, K., and Hudson, M.-A. R. (2017). North American Breeding Bird Survey Dataset 1966 – 2016, version 2016.0. Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae
Parker, B. D. (1983). A hummingbird migration, 3 September 1982. Ontario Birds 1(1):35.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Parker, R. H. (1949). A bioecological study of the pinyon-juniper association at Juan Tabo in the Sandia Mountains of New Mexico. M.S. thesis, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.
Keywords: Biota ❌

Parra, J. L., Remsen, J. V., Jr., Alvarez-Rebolledo, M., and McGuire, J. A. (2009). Molecular phylogenetics of the hummingbird genus Coeligena. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53(2):425-434.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Parra, V., Vargas, C. F., and Eguiarte, L. E. (1993). Reproductive biology, pollen and seed dispersal, and neighborhood size in the hummingbird-pollinated Echeveria gibbiflora (Crassulaceae). American Journal of Botany 80(2):153-159.
Keywords: BBIH

Parra-Tabla, V., Vargas, C. F., and Eguiarte, L. E. (1998). Is Echeveria gibbiflora (Crassulaceae) fecundity limited by pollen availability? An experimental study. Functional Ecology 12(4):591-595.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Parrish, J. R. (1988). Kleptoparasitism of insects by a broad-tailed hummingbird. Journal of Field Ornithology 59(2):128-129.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Partida Lara, R., and Enríquez, P. L. (2017). Rivoli’s Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens), in Schulenberg, T. S. (editor) Neotropical Birds Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: RIHU

Partida Lara, R., Enríquez, P. L., Rangel-Salazar, J. L., Lara, C., and Martínez Ico, M. (2012). Abundancia de colibríes y uso de flores en un bosque templado del sureste de México [Hummingbird abundance and flowers use in a template forest from Southeast Mexico]. Revista de Biología Tropical/International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 60(4):1621-1630.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pase, C. P., and Brown, D. E. (1982). Rocky Mountain (Petran) and Madrean montane conifer forests. Desert Plants 122.3:43-48.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BTAH; RIHU ✅

Patiño González, B. I. (2017). Efecto de la morfología, fenología y abundancia en las redes mutualistas colibrí-planta del Parque Nacional El Cimatario, Querétaro, México. Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas tesis, Centro Universitario, Querétaro, Querétaro.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Paton, D. C., and Carpenter, F. L. (1984). Peripheral foraging by territorial Rufous Hummingbirds: Defense by exploitation. Ecology 65(6):1808-1819.
Keywords: RUHU

Paton, D. C., and Collins, B. G. (1989). Bills and tongues of nectar‐feeding birds: A review of morphology, function and performance, with intercontinental comparisons. Austral Ecology 14(4):473-506.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Patten, M. A., McCaskie, G., and Unitt, P. (2003). Birds of the Salton Sea: Status, biogeography, and ecology. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Patten, M. A., and Mellink, E. Status and taxonomy of the Colorado Desert avifauna of Baja California.
Patten, M. A., Mellink, E., Gómez de Silva, H., and Wurster, T. E. (2001). Status and taxonomy of the Colorado Desert avifauna of Baja California. Monographs in Field Ornithology 3:29-63.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Patten, M. A., and Rotenberry, J. T. (1998). Post-disturbance changes in a desert breeding bird community [Cambios post-disturbios en una comunidad reproductiva de aves de desierto]. Journal of Field Ornithology 69(4):614-625.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Patterson, M. (1990). Green-backed Selasphorus hummingbirds in Clatsop County, Oregon. Oregon Birds 16(3):218-222.
Keywords: RUHU; ALHU

Patton, D. R., and Judd, B. I. (1970). The role of wet meadows as wildlife habitat in the Southwest. Journal of Range Management 23(4):272-275.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Payne, R. B. (1984). Sexual selection, lek and arena behavior, and sexual size dimorphism in birds. Ornithological Monographs 33:1-52.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Paynter, R. A., Jr. (1955). The ornithogeography of the Yucatán Peninsula. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 9:1-347.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Peacock, L., and Peacock, L. (2006). Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) inArkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 60. Keywords: Trochilidae
Pearson, O. P. (1950). The metabolism of hummingbirds. Condor 52(4):145-152.
Keywords: Trochilidae; ANHU


Pearson, O. P. (1953). Use of caves by hummingbirds and other species at high altitudes in Peru. Condor 55(1):17-20.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Pearson, O. P. (1954). The daily energy requirements of a wild Anna hummingbird. Condor 56(6):317-322.
Keywords: ANHU


Pearson, O. P. (1960). Speed of the Allen Hummingbird while diving. Condor 62(5):403.
Keywords: ALHU

Pearson, O. P. (1960). Torpidity in birds. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 124:93-103.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pearson, O. P. (1961). Flight speeds of some small birds. Condor 63(6):506-507.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Peck, G. K., and James, R. D. (1999). Breeding birds of Ontario: Nidiology and distribution.
Keywords: RTHU


Peeters, H. J. (1963). Two observations of avian predation. Wilson Bulletin 75(3):274-274.
Keywords: ANHU

Pennycuick, C. J. (1969). The mechanics of bird migration. Ibis 111(4):525-556.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pérez, G., Lara, C., Viccon-Pale, J., and Signoret-Poillon, M. (2011). Memory for location and visual cues in White-eared Hummingbirds Hylocharis leucotis. Current Zoology 57(4):468-476.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Pérez-Crespo, M. J., Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F., Martén-Rodríguez, S., González-Rodríguez, A., and Lara, C. (2016). Reproductive biology and nectar production of the Mexican endemic Psittacanthus auriculatus (Loranthaceae), a hummingbird‐pollinated mistletoe. Plant Biology 18(1):73-83.
Keywords: LUHU


Perrins, C. (1970). The timing of birds ‘breeding seasons. Ibis 112(2):242-255.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Perry, P. S., and Dorff, C. J. (1985). Hummingbird mortality on electric fencelines using red plastic insulators. Loon 57:37-38.
Keywords: RTHU

Peterjohn, B. G., and Zimmerman, W. (1989). The birds of Ohio. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Peters, J. L. (1945). Check-list of birds of the world. Volume V [Trochilidae to Bucerotidae]. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Peters, V. E., and Greenberg, R. (2013). Fruit supplementation affects birds but not arthropod predation by birds in Costa Rican agroforestry systems. Biotropica 45(1):102-110.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Peterson, A. T., Escalona-Segura, G., Zyskowski, K., Kluza, D. A., and Hernández Baños, B. E. (2003). Avifaunas of two dry forest sites in northern Oaxaca, Mexico. Huitzil. Revista Mexicana de Ornitología 4(1).
Keywords: Trochilidae

Peterson, A. T., and Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G. (2009). Constructing check-lists and avifauna-wide reviews: Mexican bird taxonomy revisited. Auk 126(4):915-921.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Peterson, A. T., Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., and Benítez-Díaz, H. (1998). The need for continued scientific collecting: A geographic analysis of Mexican bird specimens. Ibis 140(2):288-294.
Keywords: Reference ❎

Peterson, A. T., Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., Hernández-Baños, B. E., Escalona-Segura, G., Rebón-Gallardo, F., Rodríguez-Ayala, E., Figueroa-Esquivel, E. M., and Cabrera-García, L. (2003). The Chimalapas Region, Oaxaca, Mexico: A high-priority region for bird conservation in Mesoamerica. Bird Conservation International 13(3):227-253.
Keywords: BEHU


Peterson, A. T., and Vieglais, D. A. (2001). Predicting species invasions using ecological niche modeling: New approaches from bioinformatics attack a pressing problem. BioScience 51(5):363-371.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Peterson, J., and Zimmer, B. R. (2010). Birds of the trans-Pecos. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Keywords: BEHU

Peterson, J. J., Lasley, G. W., Bryan, K. B., and Lockwood, M. (1991). Additions to the breeding avifauna of the Davis Mountains. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 24(2):39-48.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Peterson, R. T. (1960). A field guide to the birds of Texas. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Peterson, R. T. (1961). A field guide to western birds: Field marks of all species found in North America west of the 100th meridian with a section on the birds of the Hawaiian Islands, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Peterson, R. T. (1990). A field guide to western birds: A completely new guide to field marks of all species found in North America west of the 100th meridian and north of Mexico, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Peterson, R. T., and Chalif, E. L. (1973). A field guide to Mexican birds: Field marks of all species found in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize (British Honduras), El Salvador. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Petruf, M. (2017). Niche partitioning in tropical birds. Bakalářská práce, Univerzita Karlova, Přírodovědecká fakulta, Praha, CZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pfister, R. D., and Daubenmire, R. (1973). Ecology of lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Dougl, pp. 27-46 in Baumgartner, D. M. (editor) Management of lodgepole pine ecosystems: Symposium proceedings; 1973 October 9-11; Pullman, WA., Vol. 1. Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service., Pullman, WA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Phillimore, A. B., Orme, C. D. L., Thomas, G. H., Blackburn, T. M., Bennett, P. M., Gaston, K. J., and Owens, I. P. F. (2008). Sympatric speciation in birds is rare: Insights from range data and simulations. American Naturalist 171(5):646-657.
Keywords: LUHU

Phillips, A. R. (1947). Status of the Anna Hummingbird in southern Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 59(2):111-113.
Keywords: ANHU; COHU ✅

Phillips, A. R. (1951). Complexities of migration: A review with original data from Arizona. Wilson Bulletin 63(2):129-136.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Phillips, A. R. (1964). Notas sistematicas sobre aves mexicanas, III. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural 25:217-242.
Keywords: VCHU ✅

Phillips, A. R. (1966). Further systematic notes on Mexican birds. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 86(5):86-94.
Keywords: CAHU

Phillips, A. R. (1975). The migrations of Allen’s and other hummingbirds. Condor 77(2):196-205.
Keywords: LUHU; RUHU; ALHU


Phillips, A. R. (1975). Why neglect the difficult? Western Birds 6(3):69-86.
Keywords: RTHU; BCHU; BTAH; ALHU; ANHU; COHU ✅

Phillips, A. R. (1977). Summary of avian resources of the Chihuahuan Desert region, pp. 617-620 in Wauer, R., and Riskind, D. H. (editors). Transactions of the symposium on the biological resources of the Chihuahuan Desert region, U.S. and Mexico. USDI National Park Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series, No. 3, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Biota ❎


Phillips, A. R. (1986). The known birds of North and Middle America: Distributions and variation, migrations, changes, hybrids, etc. Part 1, Hirudinidae to Mimidae; Certhiidae, vol. 1. AR Phillips, Denver, CO.
Keywords: reference ❎

Phillips, A. R., and Amadon, D. (1952). Some birds of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Condor 54(3):163-168.
Keywords: BBIH; CAHU; COHU; RUHU ✅


Phillips, A. R., and Chase, C. (1982). The third Denver Museum of Natural History and Colorado Field Ornithologists taxonomy clinic. Colorado Field Ornithologists Journal 16(1):5-15.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Phillips, A. R., Marshall, J., and Monson, G. (1964). The birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Phillips, S. J., Comus, P. W., Dimmitt, M. A., and Brewer, L. M., (Editors) (2015). A natural history of the Sonoran Desert, 2nd ed. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Piacentini, V. d. Q., and Pacheco, J. F. (2014). Further comments on the application of the name Trochilus lucidus Shaw, 1812. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia-Brazilian Journal of Ornithology 22(2):5.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pickens, A. L. (1927). Unique method of pollination by the ruby-throat. Auk 44(1):24-27.
Keywords: RTHU


Pickens, A. L. (1935). Geographical distribution and display colors of Trochilidae. Condor 37(1):21-24.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Pickens, A. L. (1941). A red figwort as the ideal nearctic bird-flower. Condor 43(2):100-102.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Pickens, A. L., and Garrison, L. P. (1931). Two-year record of the ruby-throat’s visits to a garden. Auk 48(4):532-537.
Keywords: RTHU


Pillsbury, R. W. (1950). Early spring feeding of the Rufous Hummingbird on the coast of southern British Columbia. Murrelet 31(3):45-45.
Keywords: RUHU

Pimm, S. L. (1978). An experimental approach to the effects of predictability on community structure. American Zoologist 18(4):797-808.
Keywords: RIHU


Pimm, S. L., Rosenzweig, M. L., and Mitchell, W. (1985). Competition and food selection: field tests of a theory. Ecology 66(3):798-807.
Keywords: RIHU; BTHH; BCHU

Pitelka, F. A. (1942). Territoriality and related problems in North American hummingbirds. Condor 44(5):189-204.
Keywords: ANHU; LUHU


Pitelka, F. A. (1951). Breeding seasons of hummingbirds near Santa Barbara, California. Condor 53(4):198-201.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Pitelka, F. A. (1951). Ecologic overlap and interspecific strife in breeding population of Anna and Allen hummingbirds. Ecology 32(4):641-661.
Keywords: ANHU


Platnick, N. I., and Wheeler, Q. D. (2000). A defense of the phylogenetic species concept (sensu Wheeler and Platnick), pp. 185-197 in Wheeler, Q. D., and Meier, R. (editors). Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: A debate. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Platt, S. G., Craig, K. B., and Miller, S. M. (2009). Two records of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds from the trans-Pecos region of Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 42(2):87-88.
Keywords: RTHU

Poley, D. (1994). Kolibris: Trochilidae [Hummingbirds: Trochilidae], vol. 484. Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Poo, D. C. T., León, D. V., Fernández, A. M., and Lowry, J. S. (2012). Assessing bird species richness within shade-grown coffee farms in Chiapas, Mexico. Project ID: 0251711.
Keywords: BEHU

Porzig, E. L., Seavy, N. E., Eadie, J. M., Humple, D. L., Geupel, G. R., and Gardali, T. (2016). Interspecific interactions, population variation, and environmental forcing in the context of the community. Ecosphere 7(6).
Keywords: ANHU


Pournazeri, S., Segre, P. S., Princevac, M., and Altshuler, D. L. (2013). Hummingbirds generate bilateral vortex loops during hovering: Evidence from flow visualization. Experiments in Fluids 54:1439.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Powell, B. F. (1999). Nest-site characteristics, selection, and reproductive success of a southwestern riparian bird community. M.S. thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: BBIH ✅


Powell, B. F., and Steidl, R. J. (2000). Nesting habitat and reproductive success of southwestern riparian birds. Condor 102(4):823-831.
❎


Powers, D. R. (1987). Effects of variation in food quality on the breeding territoriality of the male Anna’s hummingbird. Condor 89(1):103-111.
Keywords: ANHU


Powers, D. R. (1991). Diurnal variation in mass, metabolic rate, and respiratory quotient in Anna’s and Costa’s hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 64(3):850-870.
Keywords: COHU; ANHU

Powers, D. R. (1992). Effect of temperature and humidity on evaporative water loss in Anna’s hummingbird (Calypte anna). Journal of Comparative Physiology B 162(1):74-84.
Keywords: RIHU; ANHU

Powers, D. R. (1996). Magnificent Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 221. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: RIHU
Powers, D. R. (2004). The impact of social interactions on torpor use in hummingbirds. Faculty Publications – Department of Biology and Chemistry. Paper 70.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Powers, D. R., and Boesman, P. (2017). Blue-throated Hummingbird (Lampornis clemenciae), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: BTHH

Powers, D. R., and Boesman, P. (2017). Magnificent Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: RIHU

Powers, D. R., Boesman, P., and Kirwan, G. M. (2017). Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: BBIH

Powers, D. R., Boesman, P., and Kirwan, G. M. (2017). Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: RUHU

Powers, D. R., Brown, A. R., and Van Hook, J. A. (2003). Influence of normal daytime fat deposition on laboratory measurements of torpor use in territorial versus nonterritorial hummingbirds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76(3):389-397.
Keywords: RIHU

Powers, D. R., and Conley, T. M. (1994). Field metabolic rate and food consumption of two sympatric hummingbird species in southeastern Arizona. Condor 96(1):141-150.
Keywords: BTHH; BCHU ✅


Powers, D. R., Getsinger, P. W., Tobalske, B. W., Wethington, S. M., Powers, S. D., and Warrick, D. R. (2012). Respiratory evaporative water loss during hovering and forward flight in hummingbirds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 161(2):279-285.
Keywords: RIHU

Powers, D. R., Langland, K. M., Wethington, S. M., Powers, S. D., Graham, C. H., and Tobalske, B. W. (2017). Hovering in the heat: Effects of environmental temperature on heat regulation in foraging hummingbirds. Royal Society Open Science 2017(4):1-14.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Powers, D. R., and McKee, T. (1994). The effect of food availability on time and energy expenditures of territorial and non-territorial hummingbirds. Condor 96(4):1064-1075.
Keywords: BCHU


Powers, D. R., and Nagy, K. A. (1988). Field metabolic rate and food consumption by free-living Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Physiological Zoology 61(6):500-506.
Keywords: RIHU; ANHU; COHU

Powers, D. R., Tobalske, B. W., Wilson, J. K., Woods, H. A., and Corder, K. R. (2015). Heat dissipation during hovering and forward flight in hummingbirds. Royal Society Open Science 2(12):150598.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Powers, D. R., Van Hook, J. A., Sandlin, E. A., and McWhorter, T. J. (2010). Arthropod foraging by a southeastern Arizona hummingbird guild. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122(3):494-502.
Keywords: RIHU; BCHU; BTHH


Powers, D. R., and Wethington, S. M. (1999). Broad-billed Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 430. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
Keywords: BBIH

Powers, D. R., and Wethington, S. M. (1999). Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: BBIH


Powers, S. D., Powers, D. R., Tobalske, B. W., and Wethington, S. M. (2014). Using an endotherm energetic model to predict hovering metabolic rates in hummingbirds. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press. 1540-7063.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Powers, S. D., Powers, D. R., Tobalske, B. W., Wethington, S. M., and Cheng, B. (2015). Does body size and ambient temperature impact heat dissipation in hummingbirds during hovering flight?. Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, West Palm Beach, FL.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Preest, M. R., and Beuchat, C. A. (1997). Ammonia excretion by hummingbirds. Nature 386(6625):561.
Keywords: ANHU


Preest, M. R., Folk, D. G., and Beuchat, C. A. (2003). Decomposition of nitrogenous compounds by intestinal bacteria in hummingbirds. Auk 120(4):1091-1101.
Keywords: ANHU


Price, J., Droege, S., and Price, A. (1995). The summer atlas of North American birds. Academic Press, London, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Price, W. (1899). Some winter birds of the lower Colorado Valley. Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club 1(5):89-93.
Keywords: BCHU ✅


Primack, R. B., and Howe, H. F. (1975). Interference competition between a hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl) and skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae). Biotropica:55-58.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Proctor, M., Yeo, P., and Lack, A. (1996). The natural history of pollination. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Keywords: Biota; Trochilidae

Proctor, M. C. F., and Yeo, P. (1972). The pollination of flowers. Taplinger Publishing, New York, NY.
Keywords: Biota

Pulich, W. M. (1988). The birds of north central Texas. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, TX.
Keywords: BCHU

Pulich, W. M., Sr., and Pulich, W. M., Jr. (1963). The nesting of the Lucifer Hummingbird in the United States. Auk 80(3):370-371.
Keywords: LUHU

Pulliam, H. R. (1973). On the advantages of flocking. Journal of Theoretical Biology 38(2):419-422.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pulliam, H. R. (1974). On the theory of optimal diets. The American Naturalist 108(959):59-74.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Purcell, K. L., and Drynan, D. A. (2008). Use of hardwood tree species by birds nesting in ponderosa pine forests, pp. 417-431 in Merenlender, A., McCreary, D., and Purcell, K. L. (editors). Proceedings of the sixth California oak symposium: Today’s challenges, tomorrow’s opportunities. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-217, Albany, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Purcell, K. L., Hejl, S. J., and Larson, T. A. (1992). Evaluating avian-habitat relationships models in mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 28:120-136.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Purchase, C. (2013). The integration of osmoregulation and energy balance in nectar-feeding birds. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, SA.
Keywords: ANHU


Purdy, R. M. (1978). The effect of radiant energy on the energy and activity budgets of the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). B.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. Keywords: RUHU ❓
Pyke, G. H. (1978). Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: Testing the marginal value theorem. American Zoologist 18(4):739-752.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Pyke, G. H. (1980). The foraging behaviour of Australian honeyeaters: A review and some comparisons with hummingbirds. Austral Ecology 5(4):343-369.
Keywords: Trochilidae; ANHU; RIHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU ✅

Pyke, G. H. (1981). Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: Rule of movement between inflorescences. Animal Behaviour 29(3):889-896.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pyke, G. H. (1981). Optimal nectar production in a hummingbird pollinated plant. Theoretical Population Biology 20(3):326-343.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pyke, G. H. (1981). Why hummingbirds hover and honeyeaters perch. Animal Behaviour 29(3):861-867.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Pyke, G. H. (1984). Optimal foraging theory: A critical review. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15(1):523-575.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Pyke, G. H. (1991). What does it cost a plant to produce floral nectar? Nature 350(6313):58-59.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Pyke, G. H., and Waser, N. M. (1981). The production of dilute nectars by hummingbird and honeyeater flowers. Biotropica 13(4):260-270.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Pyle, P. (1997). Identification guide to North American birds. A compendium of information on identifying, ageing, and sexing “near-passerines” and passerines in the hand. Part I: Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae; Picidae

Pyle, P. (1998). Eccentric first-year molt patterns in certain tyrannid flycatchers. Western Birds 29(1):29-35.
Keywords: RIHU

Pyle, P. (2013). Evolutionary implications of synapomorphic wing-molt sequences among falcons (Falconiformes) and parrots (Psittaciformes). Condor 115(3):593-602.
Keywords: RIHU


Pyle, P., Howell, S. N. G., and Yanega, G. M. (1997). Molt, retained flight feathers and age in North American hummingbirds. Era of Allan Phillips: A Festschrift.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Pyle, P., and McCaskie, G. (1992). Thirteenth report of the California Bird Records Committee. Western Birds 23(3):97-132.
Keywords: VCHU

Pytte, C., and Ficken, M. S. (1994). Aerial display sounds of the Black-chinned Hummingbird. Condor 96(4):1088-1091.
Keywords: BCHU


Pytte, C. L., Ficken, M. S., and Moiseff, A. (2004). Ultrasonic singing by the Blue-throated Hummingbird: A comparison between production and perception. Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 190(8):665-673.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Quaisser, C., and Weller, A.-A. (2005). Taxonomic identity of Trochilus verticalis Deppe, 1830. Zoologische Mededelingen 79(3):147-155.
Keywords: VCHU ✅

Quintana-Vásquez, M. d. l. A. (2007). Notes on the pollination biology of Justicia candicans (Acanthaceae) in central Sonora, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 52(2):302-305.
Keywords: BBIH ✅

Raitt, R. J., and Maze, R. L. (1968). Densities and species composition of breeding birds of a creosotebush community in southern New Mexico. Condor 70(3):193-205.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Raitt, R. J., and Pimm, S. L. (1976). Dynamics of bird communities in the Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico. Condor 78(4):427-442.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Raitt, R. J., and Pimm, S. L. (1977). Temporal changes in northern Chihuahuan Desert bird communities, pp. 579-589 in Wauer, R., and Riskind, D. H. (editors). Transactions of the symposium on the biological resources of the Chihuahuan Desert region, U.S. and Mexico. USDI National Park Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series, No. 3, Washington, DC.
❎


Rappole, J. H. (1995). The ecology of migrant birds: A Neotropical perspective. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rappole, J. H. (2013). The avian migrant: The biology of bird migration. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Rappole, J. H., and Blacklock, G. W. (1994). Birds of Texas: A field guide. Texas A&M Press, College Station, TX.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Rappole, J. H., Blacklock, G. W., and Norwine, J. (2007). Apparent rapid range change in south Texas birds: Response to climate change, pp. 133-146 in Norwine, J., and John, K. (editors). The changing climate of south Texas 1900-2100: Problems and Prospects, Impacts and Implications, vol. 2100. Texas A & M University, Kingsville, TX.
Keywords: Trochilidae; LUHU

Rappole, J. H., Christie, D. A., and Boesman, P. (2017). Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: RTHU

Rappole, J. H., and Kirwan, G. M. (2017). Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: BCHU

Rappole, J. H., and Schuchmann, K.-L. (2003). Ecology and evolution of hummingbird population movements and migration, pp. 39-51 in Berthold, P., Gwinner, E., and Sonnenschein, E. (editors). Avian Migration. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rasmussen, D. I. (1941). Biotic communities of Kaibab plateau, Arizona. Ecological Monographs 11(3):229-275.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Raveling, D. G., and LeFebvre, E. A. (1967). Energy metabolism and theoretical flight range of birds. Bird Banding 38(2):97-113.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Raven, P. H. (1972). Why are bird-visited flowers predominantly red? Evolution 26(4):674-674.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ray, R. C. (1925). Discovery of a nest and eggs of the Blue-throated Hummingbird. Condor 27(2):49-51.
Keywords: BTHH


Rayner, J. M. V. (1988). Form and function in avian flight. Current ornithology 5:1-66.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rayner, J. M. V., and Swaddle, J. P. (2000). Aerodynamics and behaviour of moult and take-off in birds. Biomechanics in Animal Behaviour:125-157.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Raynor, G. S. (1956). Meteorological variables and the northward movement of nocturnal land bird migrants. Auk 73(2):153-175.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rea, A. M. (1983). Once a river: Bird life and habitat changes on the Middle Gila. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: COHU

Rebman, J. P., and Roberts, N. C. (2012). Baja California plant field guide, 3rd ed. San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, CA.
Keywords: COHU

Reed, C. A. (1904). North American birds eggs. Doubleday, Page, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; RIHU


Reichenbach, L. (1854). Aufzählung der Colibris oder Trochilideen in ihrer wahren natürlichen Verwandtschaft, nebst Schlüssel ihrer Synonymik. Journal für Ornithologie 1(Sonderheft):1-24. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Reichenbach, L. (1854). Zur Synonymik. sumatranischer Vögel. Journal of Ornithology 2(2):148-150.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Reichhold, H., and Reichhold, J. (1973). ‘Honigtau’ der Bracaatinga-Schildlaus als Winternahrung von Kolibris (Trochilidae) in Süd-Brasilien. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 24(1/2):7-14.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Reinertsen, R. (1989). The regular use of nocturnal hypothermia and torpor during energetically-demanding periods in the annual cycles of birds, pp. 107-116 in Malan, A., and Canguilhem, B. (editors). Living in the Cold: 2nd International Symposium: Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Living in the Cold. Elsevier, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Reinertsen, R. E. (1996). Physiological and ecological aspects of hypothermia, pp. 125-157 in Carey, C. (editor) Avian Energetics and Nutritional Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Reinking, D. L. (2004). Oklahoma breeding bird atlas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Remsen, J. V., Jr., and Robinson, S. K. (1990). A classification scheme for foraging behavior of birds in terrestrial habitats. Studies in Avian Biology 13:144-160.
Keywords: Reference; BCWO; Trochilidae

Remsen, J. V., Jr., Stiles, F. G., and McGuire, J. A. (2015). Classification of the Polytminae (Aves: Trochilidae). Zootaxa 3957(1):143-150.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Remsen, J. V., Jr., Stiles, F. G., and Scott, P. E. (1986). Frequency of arthropods in stomachs of tropical hummingbirds. Auk 103(2):436-441.
Keywords: LUHU; PCST; COHU

Rengifo, C., Cornejo, L., and Akirov, I. (2006). One size fits all: Corolla compression in Aphelandra runcinata (Acanthaceae), an adaptation to short-billed hummingbirds. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22(6):613-619.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Renner, S. C., and Schuchmann, K.-L. (2004). Biogeography, geographical variation, and taxonomy of the hummingbird genera Eugenes Gould, 1856, Sternoclyta Gould, 1858, and Hylonympha Gould, 1873 (Aves: Trochilidae). Ornithologischer Anzeiger 43:103-114.
Keywords: RIHU

Rennie, J. (1829). Food of the humming-bird. Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology 1:371-372.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Restrepo, C., and Arango, N. (2008). Discontinuities in the geographical range size of North American birds and butterflies, pp. 101-135 in Allen, C. R., and Holling, C. S. (editors). Discontinuities in Ecosystems and Other Complex Systems. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Reynolds, R. J., Westbrook, M. J., Rohde, A. S., Cridland, J. M., Fenster, C. B., and Dudash, M. R. (2009). Pollinator specialization and pollination syndromes of three related North American Silene. Ecology 90(8):2077-2087.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rhoads, S. N. (1892). The birds of southeastern Texas and southern Arizona observed during May, June and July, 1891. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 44:98-126.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rich, T. D. (2002). Using breeding land birds in the assessment of western riparian systems. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(4):1128-1139.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Richards, R. T., Chambers, J. C., and Ross, C. (1998). Use of native plants on federal lands: Policy and practice. Journal of Range Management 51(6):625-632.
Keywords: Biota ❎


Richardson, C. H., Jr. (1908). Spring notes from Santa Catalina Island. Condor 10(2):65-68.
Keywords: ANHU; ALHU ✅


Richardson, J. (1993). Unusual hummingbird encounters and a late fall record. Blue Jay 51(3):143-146. Keywords: Trochilidae
Richmond, C. W. (1899). Over-looked descriptions of five hummingbirds. Auk 16(4):323-325.
Keywords: LUHU


Ricklefs, R. E. (1974). Energetics of reproduction in birds, pp. 152-297 in Paynter, R. A. (editor) Avian energetics. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rico-Guevara, A., and Rubega, M. A. (2011). The hummingbird tongue is a fluid trap, not a capillary tube. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(23):9356-9360.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Rico-Guevara, A., and Rubega, M. A. (2012). Hummingbird feeding mechanics: Comments on the capillary model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(15):E867.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Ridgely, R. S. (1981). A guide to the birds of Panama. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Ridgway, R. (1881). Nomenclature of North American birds chiefly contained in the United States National Museum. Bulletin (United States National Museum) 21.. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ridgway, R. (1882). List of additions to the catalogue of North American birds. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 7(4):257-258.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Ridgway, R. (1886). Some emended names of North American birds. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 8(524):354-356.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ridgway, R. (1887). A manual of North American birds. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Ridgway, R. (1891). The humming birds, pp. 253-383 in Goode, G. B., and Langley, S. P. (editors). Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution for the year ending June 30, 1890. Report of the U.S. National Museum.. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Ridgway, R. (1891). Note on the alleged occurrence of Trochilus heloisa (Less. & De Latt.) within North American limits. Auk 8(1):115.
Keywords: CAHU

Ridgway, R. (1892). The humming birds. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae



Ridgway, R. (1898). Description of a new species of hummingbird from Arizona. Auk 15(4):325-326.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ridgway, R. (1909). Hybridism and generic characters in the Trochilidæ. Auk 26(4):440-442.
Keywords: ANHU


Ridgway, R. (1910). Diagnoses of new forms of Micropodidae and Trochilidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 23:53-56.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Ridgway, R. (1911). The birds of North and Middle America: A descriptive catalogue of the higher groups, genera, species, and subspecies of birds known to occur in North America, from the Arctic lands to the Isthmus of Panama, the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean sea, and the Galapagos Archipelago, Pt. 5.. Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 50, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Riffell, S. K., Gutzwiller, K. J., and Anderson, S. H. (1996). Does repeated human intrusion cause cumulative declines in avian richness and abundance? Ecological Applications 6(2):492-505.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rising, J. D. (1965). Notes on behavioral responses of the Blue-throated Hummingbird. Condor 67(4):352-354.
Keywords: VCHU; BTHH; BCHU; RIHU ✅

Robbins, C. S., Bystrak, D., and Geissler, P. H. (1986). The breeding bird survey: Its first fifteen years, 1965-1979. Laurel, MD: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Roberson, D., Rottenborn, S. C., Terrill, S. B., Singer, D. S., and Glover, S. A. (2000). Middle Pacific Coast. North American Birds 54(1):99-103.
Keywords: VCHU

Roberts, W. M. (1992). Hummingbirds’ concentration preferences and the energetics of nectar feeding: predictions, tests and implications for optimal foraging theory and pollination biology. M.S. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Roberts, W. M. (1995). Hummingbird licking behavior and the energetics of nectar feeding. Auk 112(2):456-463.
Keywords: BCHU


Roberts, W. M. (1996). Hummingbirds’ nectar concentration preferences at low volume: The importance of time scale. Animal Behaviour 52(2):361-370.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Robertson, W. B., Jr. (1962). Observations on the birds of St. John, Virgin Islands. Auk 79(1):44-76.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Robertson, W. B., Woolfenden, G. E., and Biggs, C. W. (1992). Florida bird species: An annotated list. Florida Ornithological Society, Gainesville, FL.
Keywords: Reference; RTHU

Robinson, T. R., Sargent, R. R., and Sargent, M. B. (1996). Ruby-throated Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 204. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
Keywords: RTHU

Rocha, M., Valera, A., and Eguiarte, L. E. (2005). Reproductive ecology of five sympatric Agave Littaea (Agavaceae) species in central Mexico. American Journal of Botany 92(8):1330-1341.
Keywords: LUHU


Rodríguez, B. L. G., Balderas, A. J. C., and Salas, J. A. G. (2015). Birds community of Cerro El Potosí in Galeana, Nuevo León, México. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review 3(4):37-44.
Keywords: LUHU

Rodriguez, F., Escoto, D., Mejia Ordonez, T., Ferrufino-Acosta, L., Cruz, S. Y., and Larkin, J. L. (2016). Notas sobre anidación y cuidado maternal del colibrí Esmeralda Hondureño (Amazilia luciae) en el Valle de Agalta, Honduras [Notes on the nesting and maternal care of the Honduran Emerald (Amazilia luciae) in the Agalta Valley, Honduras]. Ornitología Neotropical 27:237-246.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Rodríguez Trejo, D. A., and Cruz Reyes, A. (2013). Advances in integrated fire management in central Mexico. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Fire Economics, Planning, and Policy: Climate Change and Wildfires.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rodríguez‐Estrella, R. (2007). Land use changes affect distributional patterns of desert birds in the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Diversity and Distributions 13(6):877-889.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rodríguez-Estrella, R., Blázquez, M. C., and Lobato, J. M. (2005). Avian communities of arroyos and desert oases in Baja California Sur: implications for conservation, pp. 334-353 in Cartron, J.-L. E., Ceballos, G., and Felger, R. S. (editors). Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Conservation in Northern Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rodríguez-Flores, C. I., and Arizmendi, M. d. C. (2016). The dynamics of hummingbird dominance and foraging strategies during the winter season in a highland community in Western Mexico. Journal of Zoology 299(4):262-274.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rodríguez-Gómez, F., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, C., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2013). Genetic, phenotypic and ecological divergence with gene flow at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec: The case of the Azure-crowned Hummingbird (Amazilia cyanocephala). Journal of Biogeography 40(7):1360-1373.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rodríguez-Gómez, F., and Órnelas Rodríguez, J. F. (2015). At the passing gate: Past introgression in the process of species formation between Amazilia violiceps and A. viridifrons hummingbirds along the Mexican Transition Zone. Journal of Biogeography 42(7):1305-1318.
Keywords: VCHU


Root, T. (1989). Atlas of wintering North American birds: An analysis of Christmas bird count data. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Roppe, J. A., and Hein, D. (1978). Effects of fire on wildlife in a lodgepole pine forest. Southwestern Naturalist 23(2):279-287.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rosenberg, G. H. (2001). Arizona bird committee report: 1996-1999 records. Western Birds 32(1):50-70.
Keywords: BEHU; PCST; LUHU ✅

Rosenberg, G. H., and Benesh, C. D. (1999). Arizona Region. North American Birds 53(2):190-192.
Keywords: VCHU

Rosenberg, G. H., and Stejskal, D. (2004). Tucson Audubon Society’s finding birds in southeast Arizona. Tucson Audubon Society, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rosenberg, G. H., and Witzeman, J. L. (1998). Arizona Bird Committee Report, 1974-1996: Part 1 (Non-Passerines).
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rosenberg, G. H., and Witzeman, J. L. (1998). Arizona Bird Committee report, 1974–1996: part 1 (nonpasserines). Western Birds 29(3):199-224.
Keywords: WEHU; BEHU; CIHU; PCST; LUHU; CAHU; BCHU ✅

Rosenberg, K. V. (1991). Birds of the lower Colorado River valley. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: ANHU


Rosenberg, K. V., Kennedy, J. A., Dettmers, R., Ford, R. P., Reynolds, D., Alexander, J. D., Beardmore, C. J., Blancher, P. J., Bogart, R. E., Butcher, G. S., Camfield, A. F., Couturier, A., Demarest, D. W., Easton, W. E., Giocomo, J. J., Keller, R. H., Mini, A. E., Panjabi, A. O., Pashley, D. N., Rich, T. D., Ruth, J. M., Stabins, H., Stanton, J., and Will, T. (2016). Partners in flight landbird conservation plan: 2016 revision for Canada and continental United States. Partners in Flight Science Committee.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rosenberg, K. V., Terrill, S. B., and Rosenberg, G. H. (1987). Value of suburban habitats to desert riparian birds. Wilson Bulletin 99(4):642-654.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rosenstock, S. S. (1998). Influence of Gambel oak on breeding birds in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona. Condor 100(3):485-492.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Ross, C. C. (1963). Albinism among North American birds. Cassinia 47:2-21.
Keywords: Reference; RTHU

Rotenberry, J. T. (1985). The role of habitat in avian community composition: Physiognomy or floristics? Oecologia 67(2):213-217.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rotenberry, J. T., Cooper, R. J., Wunderle, J. M., and Smith, K. G. (1995). When and how are populations limited? The roles of insect outbreaks, fires, and other natural perturbations, pp. 55-84 in Martin, T. E., and Finch, D. M. (editors). Ecology and management of Neotropical migratory birds: a synthesis and review of critical issues. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Roth, T. C., Rattenborg, N. C., and Pravosudov, V. V. (2010). The ecological relevance of sleep: The trade-off between sleep, memory and energy conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365(1542):945-959.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rottenborn, S. C. (1999). Predicting the impacts of urbanization on riparian bird communities. Biological Conservation 88(3):289-299.
Keywords: ANHU

Roubik, D. W. (1982). The ecological impact of nectar‐robbing bees and pollinating hummingbirds on a tropical shrub. Ecology 63(2):354-360.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rowley, J. S. (1939). Breeding birds of Mono County, California. Condor 41(6):247-254.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rowley, J. S. (1962). Nesting of the birds of Morelos, Mexico. Condor 64(4):253-272.
Keywords: BCWO; Trochilidae


Rowley, J. S. (1966). Breeding records of birds of the Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico. Proceedings of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology 1(3):107-204. Keywords: VCHU; PCST; LUHU; BBIH; WEHU; BEHU; BTHH; RIHU; RTHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU ❌
Rowley, J. S. (1984). Breeding records of land birds in Oaxaca, Mexico. Proceedings of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology 2:73-224. Keywords: VCHU; PCST; LUHU; BBIH; WEHU; BEHU; BTHH; RIHU; RTHU; CAHU; BTAH; RUHU ❌
Rowley, J. S., and Orr, R. T. (1964). A new hummingbird from southern Mexico. Condor 66(2):81-84.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Rozier, J.-B. F. (1777). Description d’un oiseau-mouche. Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique, sur l’Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts et Métiers, etc. 9:466-467.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rudolph, D. C., Conner, R. N., and Schaefer, R. R. (1991). Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers feeding at Red-cockaded Woodpecker resin wells. Wilson Bulletin 103(1):122-123.
Keywords: RTHU

Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Doherty, P. F., Jr., Santana C, E., Contreras Martínez, S., Schondube, J., Verdugo Munguía, H., and Iñigo-Elias, E. (2012). Survival of resident neotropical birds: Considerations for sampling and analysis based on 20 years of bird-banding efforts in Mexico. Auk 129(3):500-509.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rusch, K. M., Pytte, C. L., and Ficken, M. S. (1996). Organization of agonistic vocalizations in Black-chinned Hummingbirds. Condor 98(3):557-566.
Keywords: BCHU


Ruschi, P. A. (2014). Frugivory by the hummingbird Chlorostilbon notatus (Apodiformes: Trochilidae) in the Brazilian Amazon. Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão(35).
Keywords: Trochilidae

Russell, R. W., Carpenter, F. L., Hixon, M. A., and Paton, D. C. (1994). The impact of variation in stopover habitat quality on migrant Rufous Hummingbirds. Conservation Biology 8(2):483-490.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Russell, S. M. (1964). A distributional study of the birds of British Honduras. Ornithological Monographs 1:1-195.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Russell, S. M. (1996). Anna’s Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 226. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: ANHU
Russell, S. M. (2000). Birds of the tropical deciduous forest of the Alamos, Sonora, area, pp. 200-244 in Robichaux, R. H., and Yetman, D. A. (editors). The tropical deciduous forest of Alamos: Biodiversity of a threatened ecosystem in Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Russell, S. M., Barlow, J. C., and Lamm, D. W. (1979). Status of some birds on Isla San Andres and Isla Providencia, Colombia. Condor 81(1):98-100.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Russell, S. M., and Lamm, D. W. (1978). Notes on the distribution of birds in Sonora, Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 90(1):123-131.
Keywords: VCHU; LUHU

Russell, S. M., Mills, G. S., and Silliman, J. R. (1977). An inventory of the birds of the Rosemont area, pp. 167-194 in Davis, R. P., and Callahan, J. R. (editors). An environmental inventory of the Rosemont area in southern Arizona, Volume I: The present environment. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Russell, S. M., and Monson, G. (1998). The birds of Sonora. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: ANHU


Russell, S. M., and Russell, R. O. (2001). The North American bander’s manual for banding hummingbirds. North American Banding Council, Point Reyes Station, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Russell, S. M., Russell, R. O., and Wethington, S. M. (1994). Lucifer Hummingbirds banded in southeastern Arizona. North American Bird Bander 19(3):96-98.
Keywords: LUHU

Rust, R. W. (1979). Pollination of Impatiens capensis: Pollinators and nectar robbers. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 52(2):297-308. Keywords: Trochilidae
Ruth, J. M., Brush, T., and Krueper, D. J. (2008). Birds of the US-Mexico borderlands: distribution, ecology, and conservation. Studies in Avian Biology 37:1-165.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Ruth, J. M., Diehl, R. H., and Felix, R. K., Jr (2012). Migrating birds’ use of stopover habitat in the southwestern United States. Condor 114(4):698-710.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Rutt, C. (2009). Fall migration of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird in southeastern New York State. Kingbird 59(1):12-15.
Keywords: RTHU

Ruvalcaba Ortega, I. (2009). Análisis jerárquico de la comunidad de aves asociada al hábitat ribereño dominado por taxodium mucronatum en el Río Sabinas, Coahuila de Zaragoza, MéxicoDisertación de Doctor en Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México.
Keywords: LUHU


Rylander, K. (2002). The behavior of Texas birds. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Ryser, F. A. (1985). Birds of the Great Basin: A natural history. University of Nevada Press, Reno, NV.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Rzedowski, J. (1981). The vegetation of Mexico [Vegetacion de México]. Editorial Limusa, Mexico, D.F.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Saab, V. A., and Powell, H. D. W. (2005). Fire and avian ecology in North America: Process influencing pattern. Studies in Avian Biology 30:1-13.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Sahagún-Godínez, E., and Lomeli-Sencion, J. (1997). Pedilanthus diazlunanus (Euphorbiaceae): Pollination by hymenopterans in a bird-pollinated genus. American Journal of Botany 84(11):1584-1587.
Keywords: VCHU

Sahley, C. T. (1996). Bat and hummingbird pollination of an autotetraploid columnar cactus, Weberbauerocereus weberbaueri (Cactaceae). American Journal of Botany 83(10):1329-1336.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Salas, D., Wegner, D., and Bolen, C. (2010). Vegetation classification and distribution mapping report: Navajo National Monument. Ft. Collins, CO: USDI National Park Service. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SCPN/NRTR—2010/298
Keywords: Trochilidae; Biota

Salas-Durán, S., and Jirón-Porras, L. F. (1977). Simbiosis entre cochinillas de cola (Homoptera: Margarodidae) y otros insectos II. Estructura del sistema y significado ecológico. [Symbiosis between tailed coccoids (Homoptera: Margarodidae) and other insects. II. Structure of the system and ecological significance]. Brenesia 10-11:57-64. Keywords: Trochilidae
Salinas-Esquivel, L., del Coro Arizmendi, M., and Domínguez, C. A. (2014). Nectar and flower production as compensatory traits to nectar robbing in Bouvardia ternifolia (Rubiaceae): Field experiments. Botanical Sciences 91(1):85-92.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Salt, G. W. (1957). An analysis of avifaunas in the Teton Mountains and Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Condor 59(6):373-393.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Salt, W., and Salt, J. R. (1976). The birds of Alberta: with their ranges in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Hurtig, Edmonton, AL.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Salvin, O. (1860). Notes on the humming-birds of Guatemala. Ibis 2(3):259-272.
Keywords: Trochilidae; RIHU


Salvin, O. (1869). Notes on Mr. Lawrence’s list of Costa-Rica birds. Ibis ser.2:5(19):310-319.
Keywords: RIHU ✅

Salvin, O., and Elliot, D. G. (1873). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genera Pygmornis, Glaucis, and Threnetes. Ibis ser.3:3(11):269-279.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Salvin, O., and Elliot, D. G. (1873). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genus Phaethornis. Ibis ser.3:3(9):1-13.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Salvin, O., and Elliot, D. G. (1873). Notes on the Trochilidæ: The genus Thalurania. Ibis ser.3:3(12):353-361.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Salvin, O., and Elliot, D. G. (1873). On two species of Trochilidæ of the genus Lophornis. Ibis ser.3:3(11):279-280.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Samson, F. B. (1980). Use of montane meadows by birds, pp. 113-129 in DeGraff, R. M., and Tilgham, N. G. (editors). Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds. General Technical Report INT-86. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: BTAH; CAHU; RUHU ✅


Sanderlin, J. S., Block, W. M., Ganey, J. L., and Iniguez, J. M. (2013). Preliminary assessment of species richness and avian community dynamics in the Madrean Sky Islands, Arizona, pp. 180-190 in Gottfried, G. J., Ffolliott, P. F., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Collins, L. C. (editors). Merging science and management in a rapidly changing world: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-67, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota; BCHU; ANHU; COHU; BBIH; RIHU; BTHH; BTAH; RUHU ✅


Sanderson, H. R., Bull, E. L., and Edgerton, P. J. (1980). Bird communities of mixed conifer forests of the interior Northwest, pp. 224-237 in DeGraff, R. M., and Tilgham, N. G. (editors). Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds. General Technical Report INT-86. USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
Keywords: BCHU; RUHU; CAHU ✅


Sandlin, E. A. (1999). Information use and species interactions in a hummingbird guild. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Arizona., Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae; BCHU; BTHH; RIHU


Sandlin, E. A. (2000). Cue use affects resource subdivision among three coexisting hummingbird species. Behavioral Ecology 11(5):550-559.
Keywords: RIHU; BCHU; BTHH


Sandlin, E. A. (2000). Foraging information affects the nature of competitive interactions. Oikos 91(1):18-28.
Keywords: RIHU; BCHU; BTHH


Sandve, J. R. (1944). Observations on the life history of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Flicker 16:22-25.
Keywords: RTHU

Sangster, G. (2005). A name for the clade formed by owlet-nightjars, swifts and hummingbirds (Aves). Zootaxa 799(1):1-6.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Sauer, G. C. (1983). John Gould in America. Archives of Natural History 1(1):51-58.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Sauer, J. R., Link, W. A., Fallon, J. E., Pardieck, K. L., and Ziolkowski, D. J., Jr. (2013). The North American breeding bird survey, 1966–2011: Summary analysis and species accounts. North American Fauna 79:1-32.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Saunders, A. A. (1909). The nesting of the Broad-tailed Hummingbird. Condor 11(6):197.
Keywords: BTAH


Saunders, A. A. (1921). A distributional list of the birds of Montana: With notes on the migration and nesting of the better known species. Pacific Coast Avifauna 14:1-194.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Saunders, A. A. (1936). Ecology of the birds of Quaker Run Valley, Allegany State Park, New York. New York State Museum, Albany, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Saunders, A. A. (1954). An unusual nest of the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). Auk 71(3):313.
Keywords: RTHU

Sayre, J., and Sayre, A. P. (1999). Hummingbirds: The Sun Catchers. NorthWord Press, Minnetonka, MN.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Sazima, M., Sazima, I., and Buzato, S. (1994). Nectar by day and night: Siphocampylus sulfureus (Lobeliaceae) pollinated by hummingbirds and bats. Plant Systematics and Evolution 191(3):237-246.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅


Scarfe, A., and Finlay, J. C. (2001). Rapid second nesting by Anna’s Hummingbird near its northern breeding limits. Western Birds 32(2):131-133.
Keywords: ANHU

Schäfer, E. (1952). Sobre la biologie de Colibri coruscans. Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales 15:153-162. Keywords: Trochilidae ❌
Schaldach, W. J. (1963). The avifauna of Colima and adjacent Jalisco, Mexico. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❌

Schaldach, W. J., Jr (2003). Partially annotated and taxonomic checklist of the birds of the state of Veracruz, Mexico.
Keywords: LUHU

Scharnke, H. (1931). Beiträge zur morphologie und entwicklungsgeschichte der zunge der Trochilidae, Meliphagidae und Picidae [Contributions to the morphology and developmental history of the tongue of Trochilidae, Meliphagidae and Picidae]. Journal für Ornithologie 79(4):425-491.
Keywords: LUHU

Scheide, W., and Deppe, F. (1830). Humming bird and insects at a great height on the volcano of Orizaba. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 8:203-204.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Scheithauer, W. (1967). Hummingbirds: Flying Jewels. T.Y.Crowell, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schemske, D. W. (1975). Time budget and foraging site preference of the Cinnamon Hummingbird in Costa Rica. Condor 77(2):216-217.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schemske, D. W. (1980). Floral ecology and hummingbird pollination of Combretum farinosum in Costa Rica. Biotropica 12(3):169-181.
Keywords: PCST

Schemske, D. W., and Horvitz, C. C. (1984). Variation among floral visitors in pollination ability: A precondition for mutualism specialization. Science 225(4661):519-521.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schimpf, D. J., Henderson, J. A., and MacMahon, J. A. (1980). Some aspects of succession in the spruce-fir forest zone of northern Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 40(1):1-26.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schmidly, D. J. (1977). Factors governing the distribution of mammals in the Chihuahuan Desert region, pp. 163-192 in Wauer, R. H., and Riskind, D. H. (editors). Transactions of the symposium on the biological resources of the Chihuahuan Desert region, United States and Mexico. Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas, 17-18 October 1974
Keywords: BCHU


Schmidt-Marloh, D., and Schuchmann, K.-L. (1980). Zur Biologie des Blauen Veilchenohr-Kolibris (Colibri coruscans). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 31(1/2):61-77.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1964). Desert animals: Physiological problems of heat and water. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schmitt, A. (2014). The invisible communities of nectar: How yeast and bacteria alter nectar characteristics. Duluth Journal of Undergraduate Biology 1:19-29.
Keywords: Trochilidae ✅

Schoener, T. W. (1971). Theory of feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2(1):369-404.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schoener, T. W. (1986). Mechanistic approaches to community ecology: a new reductionism. American Zoologist 26(1):81-106.
Keywords: Reference;Trochilidae


Schondube, J., and Del Rio, C. M. (2004). Sugar and protein digestion in flowerpiercers and hummingbirds: a comparative test of adaptive convergence. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 174(3):263-273.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schondube, J. E. (2003). Flowerpiercers and hummingbirds: A comparative study of nectar feeding strategies in birds. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schondube, J. E. (2012). Differences in nectar use potential in a guild of birds: A gut’s view. Ornitología Neotropical 23(Supplement):79-95.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schondube, J. E., Contreras-Martínez, S., Ruan-Tejada, I., and Calder, W. A., III (2004). Migratory patterns of the Rufous Hummingbird in western Mexico, pp. 80-95 in Nabhan, G. P. (editor) Conserving Migratory Pollinators and Nectar Corridors in Western North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
Keywords: RUHU

Schondube, J. E., and del Rio, C. M. (2003). Concentration‐dependent sugar preferences in nectar‐feeding birds: mechanisms and consequences. Functional Ecology 17(4):445-453.
Keywords: RIHU


Schondube, J. E., Santana C, E., and Ruán-Tejeda, I. (2003). Biannual cycles of the Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer. Biotropica 35(2):250-261.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schönwetter, M., and Meise, W. (1967). Handbuch der oologie, vol. 1. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
Keywords: VCHU


Schroeder, R. J., Powers, D. R., and Wethington, S. M. (2014). Is the use of torpor by hummingbirds limited in landscapes with warm nighttime temperatures?. Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schroeder, R. J., Shankar, A., Powers, D. R., Canepa, J. R., and Graham, C. H. (2015). Does high nighttime temperature reduce the energetic value of torpor in hummingbirds?. Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, West Palm Beach, FL.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schuchmann, K.-L. (1979). Energieumsatz in abhängigkeit von der umgebungstemperatur beim kolibri Ocreatus u. underwoodii. Journal of Ornithology 120(3):311-315.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Schuchmann, K.-L. (1979). Kolibris: Haltung und Pflege. Biotropic-Verlag, Frankfurt an Main.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schuchmann, K.-L. (1979). Metabolism of flying hummingbirds. Ibis 121(1):85-86.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schuchmann, K.-L. (1979). Ökologie und ethologie des Anna-Kolibris (Calypte anna) [Ecology and ethology of Anna Hummingbird (Calypte anna)]. Natur und Museum 109(5):149-155.
Keywords: ANHU

Schuchmann, K.-L. (1989). Release of gaping in hummingbirds (Trochilidae). Wilson Bulletin 101(3):477-481.
Keywords: BCHU

Schuchmann, K.-L. (1999). Family Trochilidae (Hummingbirds), pp. 468-680 in del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., and Sargatal, J. (editors). Handbook of birds of the world, vol. 5 Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schuchmann, K. L., and Boesman, P. (2017). Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: ANHU

Schuchmann, K. L., and Boesman, P. (2017). Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: BTAH

Schuchmann, K.-L., and Schmidt-Marloh, D. (1979). Metabolic and thermal responses to heat and cold in streamertail hummingbirds (Trochilus polytmus and Trochilus scitulus, Trochilidae). Biotropica 11(2):123-126.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schuchmann, K.-L., and Schmidt-Marloh, D. (1979). Temperature regulation in non-torpid hummingbirds. Ibis 121(3):354-356.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schuchmann, K.-L., Schmidt-Marloh, D., and Bell, H. (1979). Energetische untersuchengen bei einer tropischen Kolibriart (Amazilia tzacatl) [Energetical regulation of feeding by a tropical hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl]. Journal für Ornithologie 120(1):78-85.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Schulenberg, T. S. (1986). Fourth report of the Louisiana Ornithological Society bird records committee. LOS News 113:2-7.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Schulenberg, T. S. (2017). Berylline Hummingbird (Amazilia beryllina), in Schulenberg, T. S. (editor) Neotropical Birds Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: BEHU

Schumacher, C. (1994). Ruby-throated Hummingbird observations: Winona. Loon 66:211-212.
Keywords: RTHU

Sclater, P. L. (1860). Notice of ornithological operations in North America. Note on Amazilia xantusi (♀, == Heliopædica castaneocauda ♂), and other Trochilidæ lately described by G. N. Lawrence. Ibis 2(3):309.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Scobell, S., and Schultz, S. (2005). GIS and path analysis: Examining associations between the birds, the bees, and plant sex in Echinocereus coccineus (Cactaceae), pp. 438-443 in Gottfried, G. J., Gebow, B. S., Eskew, L. G., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago II. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-36, Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Biota; Trochilidae


Scobell, S. A., and Scott, P. E. (2002). Visitors and floral traits of a hummingbird-adapted cactus (Echinocereus coccineus) show only minor variation along an elevational gradient. American Midland Naturalist 147(1):1-15.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Scott, P. E. (1989). Ecological consequences of variation in pollinator availability: Ocotillo, carpenter bees, and hummingbirds in two deserts. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
Keywords: LUHU; COHU; RUHU


Scott, P. E. (1993). A closer look: Lucifer Hummingbird. Birding 25:245-250. Keywords: LUHU ❌
Scott, P. E. (1994). Lucifer Hummingbird, in Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F. (editors). The birds of North America, vol. 134. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. Keywords: LUHU
Scott, P. E. (1994). Lucifer Hummingbird (Calothorax lucifer), in Rodewald, P. G. (editor) The Birds of North America Online. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY.
Keywords: LUHU


Scott, P. E., and Boesman, P. (2017). Lucifer Hummingbird (Calothorax lucifer), in del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A., and de Jauna, E. (editors). Handbook of the birds of the world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Keywords: LUHU

Scott, P. E., Buchmann, S. L., and O’Rourke, M. K. (1993). Evidence for mutualism between a flower-piercing carpenter bee and ocotillo: Use of pollen and nectar by nesting bees. Ecological Entomology 18(3):234-240.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Scott, V. E., and Crouch, G. L. (1988). Breeding birds in uncut aspen and 6-to 10-year-old clearcuts in southwestern Colorado. Ft. Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Research Note RM-485.
Keywords: BTAH ✅


Scott, W. E. D. (1885). Early spring notes from the mountains of southern Arizona. Auk 2(4):348-356.
Keywords: RUHU ✅


Scott, W. E. D. (1886). On the avi-fauna of Pinal County, with remarks on some birds of Pima and Gila counties, Arizona. Section III. Auk 3(4):421-432.
Keywords: BCHU; COHU; ANHU; BTAH; RUHU; ALHU; CAHU; BBIH ✅


Scott, W. E. D. (1886). On the breeding habits of some Arizona birds. Auk 3(1):81-86.
Keywords: ANHU; ALHU

Sealy, S. G. (1986). Ruby-throated Hummingbird associating with a foraging Hairy Woodpecker. Blue Jay 44(4):241-242. Keywords: RTHU
Sealy, S. G. (1989). Defense of nectar resources by migrating Cape May Warblers (Defensa de recursos alimenticios por parte de Dendroica Tigrina). Journal of Field Ornithology 60(1):89-93.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Sealy, S. G., Bédard, J., Udvardy, M. D. F., and Fay, F. H. (1971). New records and zoogeographical notes on the birds of St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea. Condor 73(3):322-336.
Keywords: RUHU ✅


Selander, R. K. (1966). Sexual dimorphism and differential niche utilization in birds. Condor 68(2):113-151.
Keywords: BCWO; Trochilidae


Selander, R. K. (1977). Sexual selection and dimorphism in birds, pp. 180-230 in Campbell, B. G. (editor) Sexual selection and the descent of man: 1871-1971. Aldine, Chicago, IL.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❓

Selander, R. K., and Giller, D. R. (1959). The avifauna of the Barranca de Oblatos, Jalisco, Mexico. Condor 61(3):210-222.
Keywords: VCHU; BBIH; BTHH

SEMARNAT (2010). Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010: Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación, Miércoles.
Keywords: VCHU

Semotiuk, A. J., Colunga-GarcíaMarín, P., Maldonado, D. V., and Ezcurra, E. (2017). Pillar of strength: Columnar cactus as a key factor in Yoreme heritage and wildland preservation. Ambio:1-11.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Service, U. N. R. C. (2017). Conservation plants released by NRCS Plant Materials Centers. Plant Materials Program. Keywords: Trochilidae; Biota ❎
Shackelford, C. E., Lindsay, M. M., and Klym, C. M. (2008). Hummingbirds of Texas: With Their New Mexico and Arizona Ranges. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.
Keywords: LUHU

Shafir, S. (2000). Risk-sensitive foraging: the effect of relative variability. Oikos 88(3):663-669.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Sheppard, J. M. (1968). Berylline and Violet-crowned hummingbirds in Arizona. Auk 85(2):329.
Keywords: VCHU

Sherman, A. R. (1913). Experiments in feeding hummingbirds during seven summers. Wilson Bulletin 25(4):153-166.
Keywords: RTHU ✅

Shook, R. S. (2017). The Gila River bird habitat management unit: An analysis of avian populations mid-May 1996 through August 2012. Silver City, NM: USDA Forest Service, Gila National Forest.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Short, L. L., Jr. (1969). Suture zones, secondary contacts, and hybridization. Systematic Zoology 18(4):458-460.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Short, L. L., Jr. (1969). Taxonomic aspects of avian hybridization. Auk 86(1):84-105.
Keywords: Reference ❎


Short, L. L., Jr. (1974). Nesting of southern Sonoran birds during the summer rainy season. Condor 76(1):21-32.
Keywords: VCHU; BBIH; PCST ✅

Short, L. L., Jr., and Phillips, A. R. (1966). More hybrid hummingbirds from the United States. Auk 83(2):253-265.
Keywords: RIHU; COHU; BCHU ✅

Shreve, F. (1937). The vegetation of the Cape region of Baja California. Madrono 4(4):105-113.
Keywords: COHU

Shreve, F. (1942). The desert vegetation of North America. Botanical Review 8(4):195-246.
Keywords: Biota

Shreve, F., and Wiggins, I. L. (1951). Vegetation of the Sonoran desert. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 591, Washington, DC.
Keywords: COHU

Shreve, F., and Wiggins, I. L. (1964). Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran Desert, vol. 1. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA.
Keywords: COHU


Shuford, W. D. (1993). The Marin County breeding bird atlas: A distributional and natural history of coastal California birds. Bushtit Books, Bolinas, CA.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Sibley, C. G. (1957). The evolutionary and taxonomic significance of sexual dimorphism and hybridization in birds. Condor 59(3):166-191.
Keywords: Trochilidae; Reference ✅


Sibley, C. G., and Ahlquist, J. E. (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds: A study in molecular evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Sibley, C. G., Ahlquist, J. E., and Monroe, B. L., Jr. (1988). A classification of living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Auk 105(3):409-423.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Sibley, C. G., and Monroe, B. L. (1990). Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae; Picidae

Sibley, D. A. (2014). The Sibley guide to the birds, 2nd ed. Knopf, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Sibley, D. A., Elphick, C., and Dunning, J. B. (2001). The Sibley guide to bird life & behavior. Knopf, New York, NY.
Keywords: Reference;Trochilidae

Sick, H. (1993). Birds in Brazil: A natural history. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Sierra-Morales, P., Almazán-Núñez, R. C., Beltrán-Sánchez, E., Ríos-Muñoz, C. A., and Arizmendi, M. d. C. (2016). Distribución geográfica y hábitat de la familia Trochilidae (Aves) en el estado de Guerrero, México [Geographical distribution and habitat of Trochilidae (Aves) in the state of Guerrero, Mexico]. Revista de Biología Tropical 64(1):363-376.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Simmons, G. F. (1925). Birds of the Austin region. The University of Texas, Austin, TX.
Keywords: BCHU

Simon, E. (1921). Histoire naturelle des Trochilidœ (Synopsis et catalogue) [Natural History of Trochilidœ (Synopsis and Catalog)]. L. Mulo, Paris.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Simpson, B. B. (1977). Breeding systems of dominant perennial plants of two disjunct warm desert ecosystems. Oecologia 27(3):203-226.
Keywords: COHU

Sitgreaves, L. (1853). Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado rivers. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae


Skaar, P. D., and Montana Bird Distribution Committee (1996). P.D. Skaar’s Montana bird distribution, 5th ed. Special Publication No. 3. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT.
Keywords: BCHU


Skowron, C., and Kern, M. (1980). The insulation in nests of selected North American songbirds. Auk 97(4):816-824.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Skutch, A. F. (1931). The life history of Rieffer’s Hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl) in Panama and Honduras. Auk 48(4):481-500.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Skutch, A. F. (1940). Hylocharis leucotis leucotis (Vieillot), White-eared Hummingbird, pp. 452-464 in Bent, A. C. (editor) Life Histories of North American Cuckoos, Goatsuckers, Hummingbirds and their Allies. Bulletin of the United States National Museum no. 176.. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Skutch, A. F. (1951). Congeneric species of birds nesting together in Central America. Condor 53(1):3-15.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Skutch, A. F. (1951). Life history of Longuemare’s Hermit hummingbird. Ibis 93(2):180-195.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Skutch, A. F. (1957). The incubation patterns of birds. Ibis 99(1):69-93.
Keywords: BCWO; Trochilidae

Skutch, A. F. (1958). Life history of the Violet-headed Hummingbird. Wilson Bulletin 70(1):5-19.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Skutch, A. F. (1961). Life history of the White-crested Coquette hummingbird. Wilson Bulletin 73(1):5-10.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎

Skutch, A. F. (1964). Life histories of hermit hummingbirds. Auk 81(1):5-25.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Skutch, A. F. (1964). Life history of the Scaly-breasted Hummingbird. Condor 66(3):186-198.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Skutch, A. F. (1967). Life histories of Central American highland birds. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Skutch, A. F. (1976). Parent birds and their young. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Skutch, A. F. (1977). A bird watcher’s adventures in tropical America. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Skutch, A. F. (1981). New studies of tropical American birds. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA.
Keywords: Trochilidae ❎


Skutch, A. F. (1989). The life of the hummingbird. Crown Publishers, New York, NY.
Keywords: Trochilidae

Skutch, A. F. (1999). Trogons, Laughing Falcons, and other neotropical birds. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX.
Keywords: Reference; Trochilidae

Slauson, L. A. (1995). Factors affecting the distribution, pollination ecology, and evolution of Agave chrysantha and Agave palmeri, pp. 194-205 in DeBano, L. F., Ffolliott, P. F., Ortega-Rubio, A., Gottfried, G. J., Hamre, R. H., and Edminster, C. B. (editors). Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, General Technical Report RM-GTR-264. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Ft. Collins, CO.
Keywords: Trochilidae



Slauson, L. A. (2000). Pollination biology of two chiropterophilous agaves in Arizona. American Journal of Botany 87(6):825-836.
Keywords: Trochilidae


Slentz, S., Boyd, A. E., and McDade, L. A. (1999). Morphological differentiation among Madrean Sky Island populations of Castille ja austromontana